Category:Climate Change
Global Warming | Global Security
GreenPolicy360 & Strategic Demands: Strategic Focus on #EnvironmentalSecurity
The work of the GreenPolicy360 global network, which traces back to the 1970s, advances with a belief that "New Definitions of National Security" are necessary to meet the Challenges of our Era
- What do you believe ?
We believe in science as a guide as we navigate our Era
- What do you believe ?
The Invading Sea / June 2025 -- http://www.theinvadingsea.com/2025/06/13/climate-change-florida-organizing-market-choice-act-infrastructure-flooding-sea-level-rise/
Tracking Science across the Trump Administration -- https://www.greenpolicy360.net/w/File:Tracking_science_policy_across_the_Trump_administration.png
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Climate Desk -- https://greenpolicy360.net/index.php/Climate_Desk
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Climate News -- https://www.greenpolicy360.net/w/Climate_News
Bookmark the New Climate.gov
News of Climate Change from the 'Dismissed'
A group of former National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) employees, who had been fired by the Trump administration / Elon Musk's DOGE task force, have launched a new climate science website documenting global climate change. The new site, climate.us, is a effectively a copy of climate.gov, the website shuttered, and data erased, by the Trump administration last June.
Archived:
The Fifth National Climate Assessment (2023)
The Fifth National Climate Assessment is the US Government’s preeminent report on climate change impacts, risks, and responses. It is a congressionally mandated interagency effort that provides the scientific foundation to support informed decision-making across the United States.
This website is being hosted by Climate.us. It is a clone of the Fifth National Climate Assessment, as it was originally published by the U.S. Global Change Research Program at the URL nca2023.globalchange.gov. Its content has not been altered from the original in any way; however, this is not an official U.S. government website.
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Looking back and looking forward at environmental protection, as a movement, vision, ideas, laws...
GreenPolicy360 presents an eco-scenario of 50+ years...
* https://www.greenpolicy360.net/w/Environmental_movement
Opening Eyes & Minds with 'Earthrise', a New Vision of a Blue-Green, Planet Earth (PDF)
And, after a half century of US leadership in Earth Science, a president orders eliminations of vital science programs and blocking of research, data, and Internet sites...
Despite the opposition, we continue onward, a worldwide movement with momentum ➡️
The Modern Environmental Movement
* https://greenpolicy360.net/w/The_Modern_Environmental_Movement
A history we inherit and a legacy with rights, responsibilities, hope and action as together we go forward.
Onward
What are you thinking about Climate Change as the 2030s are about to arrive and deliver ... ??
Our Generation, as time rolls by ...
A History of Climate Change Science
Via GreenPolicy360
Journeying across 50+ years of the green, environmental protection movement
The Modern Environmental Movement
At GreenPolicy360, we are a global network, connecting GreenLinks & sharing world changing stories
- GreenPolicy360: Local, National, Global -- Personal and Community-to-Community, a Network for Green Best Practices
A Story of Generation Green
'Earthrise' into the 21st Century
- New Visions, Life-affirming
- December 1968, from the window of Apollo 8
- 'Earthrise' (1968) and 'Earth Day' (1970)
Being There: Working to Create a Movement
- The vision of a 'Whole Earth' and the receiving the facts and knowledge that science was delivering changed our perception of our place and time
"When the astronauts turned their cameras homeward in December 1968, capturing first images of a blue planet, the world looked upon itself with awe and new whole-Earth understanding..."
GreenPolicy360
- "Greening Our Blue Planet"
On a Green 50th Anniversary
Memories on the Road to the First Earth Day
• https://www.greenpolicy360.net/w/Earth_Day_Memories_on_the_50th_Anniversary
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Steve Schmidt, GreenPolicy360 Siterunner:
Being There, Earth Day Organizing in 1970
- We were involved in envisioning and realizing the first Earth Day
As college students at the University of Southern California in 1969-70 and as founders of a Vietnam Moratorium Committee that was organizing a Pro-peace, Anti-war movement, we would find that we had inspired a Senator.
After the October 1969 rallies/teach-ins/demonstrations/marches that brought millions out against the war in Vietnam, we heard from Senator Nelson and, with Congressman George Brown, talks commenced.
These talks led to the Senator speaking at the University, and our hearing words of appreciation.
And at GreenPolicy360, we recall his words and up close meetings about our endeavor to turn our peace 'teach-ins' and politics toward an environmental movement. As hopeful students we saw the possibilities of creating a positive multiplier effect over coming months and years ...
It was reassuring to have a U.S. Senator (Gaylord Nelson) and U.S. Congressmen (George E. Brown) step up in support of our student organizing and calls-to-action -- Peace and Environmental protection were our shared goals.
Congressman Brown was beginning a three decade career in Congress. Read our story of George, who became a good friend and colleague over the years. George was a leader in Congress, who came to be known as "Mr. Science". He was also instrumental in the founding and management/oversight of the first generation of U.S. programs dealing wit climate change and threats to security. As an engineer with physics training, George began his climate change work by dealing with Los Angeles 'Smog' and the atmospheric science associated with the the Clean Air Act (1970). He soon went on to the drafting of the first National Climate Act and Program (1978).
* https://www.greenpolicy360.net/index.php/File:National_Climate_Program_Act_Hearings_May_1976.jpg
The National Climate Program Act hearings before the Subcommittee on the Environment and the Atmosphere of the Committee on Science and Technology
- U.S. House of Representatives, Ninety-fourth Congress, Second session
Committee Chairman, George E. Brown, California
May 18, 19, 20, 25, 26, 27 - 1976
Hearings Record, Testimony prior to the National Climate Program Act of 1978
Hearings Text/Documents Available Online at the HathiTrust Research Center (HTRC) (University of Michigan Library Reference)
Public Domain, Google-digitized
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Senator Nelson is often credited with having proposed the first "Earth Day", was listening to us. We and Congressional friends were talking to him, meetings were held, conversations conducted during his California visits in 1968-70, and in Washington DC beginning in 1968. We spoke to him about our organizing, pro-peace and our shifting to 'green', pro- environmental protection work. Students were in front, organizing in California and across the nation, as millions came out in 1969 and 1970 during Vietnam Moratorium and peace rallies. A 'Whole Earth, pro-life' environmental movement sprung up, reveling in first-ever Earth images delivered by NASA's Apollo program. Student activists moved powerfully. Political figures and forces responded ...
Your GreenPolicy360 Siterunner is remembering Congressional Representatives with names like Nelson, Brown (George E), McCloskey (Pete), Lowenstein (Allard), Riegle (Donald), McCarthy (Eugene), Morris (Wayne), each of whom became our key allies...
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Senator Nelson especially, an eco-voyager, watched, met with, and listened to us during those years and then told the world how much we influenced him. He spoke of the genesis of his Earth Day proposal, pointing at student activism against the war, environmental activism against the historic oil spill along the coast of California ...
The historic oil spill in January 1969 that devastated the California coastline surrounding Santa Barbara-Ventura escalated environmental awareness in California and across the U.S.
Senator Gaylord Nelson became a central figure in the environmental activism of California students. Here are a set of personal recollections from those days -- media archive pages featuring Senator Nelson. The peace work as college students that we were doing in 1969 served as his inspiration, the Senator said and wrote. The good Senator and his political work became key in creating what became known as Earth Day.
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"If we could tap into the environmental concerns of the general public and infuse student energy into the environmental cause, we could generate a demonstration that would force the issue onto the national political agenda," Senator Bill Nelson (D-WI) said after one of his 1969 trips to California.
"I am convinced that the same concern the youth of this nation took in changing this nation's priorities on the war in Vietnam and on civil rights can be shown for the problems of the environment. Successful teach-ins on all campuses on the same day will have a dramatic impact on the environmental conscience of the nation. They will be immensely effective as an educational effort in arousing public opinion..."
Senator Nelson's staff described the work as a "Mass Movement" back then. The Senator received "500 invitations" to speak on the first "Earth Day". He accepted ours and flew to LA to say 'thank you'.
A First Earth Day
- We brought it -- youthful energy, events, 'Teach-ins', and an ongoing environmental movement
Another Memory of the Way It Was Back in the Day
SJS / Siterunner: Against a backdrop of conflict, the 1960s gave rise to a burgeoning movement. Civil rights, free speech, anti-war and anti-nuclear weapons and catastrophe came to light. Across the world many young people and activists were moved to work for peace, nuclear weapons reduction, and social justice. In the U.S. the civil rights movement and nationwide civil rights action challenged racist politics. Environmentalism took on new forms and shapes with ideas that became a legal platform, a first generation of environmental laws that would go worldwide. A new "counterculture" with youthful vision and organizing added their voices and stood up to create the beginnings of a global environmental movement.
With a goal of protecting life, a new environmental movement began to grow, a "Whole Earth" vision seen for the first time from space in 1968 with the iconic Apollo 8 Earthrise image and a very real 'sense' of our common responsibility for the future of the planet. Students were 'first-movers' who spoke of the existential threat of nuclear war and environmental disaster, and need to 'become' far-reaching with a new vision. Realizations grew internationally that we had created weapons capable of ending humanity and most all life of earth -- and we needed to change this nuclear doomsday threat. Protests and 'teach ins', led by students, and drawing in politicians, communities, media, news with pamphlets, books, music, art and demonstrations crossed continents with new symbols, peace symbols, environmental and eco-awareness.
The threads of teach-ins led directly to and the first Earth Day in 1970 as students expanded counterculture with action. Across the U.S., a first Earth Day of teach-ins began as a student-initiated movement on college campuses including your siterunner's college where we proposed an environment and peace action day to Senator Nelson, who we met as we organized the national Moratorium and who worked with us to make an Earth Day a national political event. At the University of Southern California, our student peace activists continued 1969's anti-war moratorium sharing a positive vision of what was needed -- environmental protection, economic and social justice, new priorities added to the nation's agenda. The work spread quickly. Earth Day's teach-ins reached out to students globally. A worldwide environmental movement became a real and growing political force...
"I am convinced that the same concern the youth of this nation took in changing this nation's priorities on the war in Vietnam and on civil rights can be shown for the problems of the environment. Successful teach-ins on all campuses on the same day will have a dramatic impact on the environmental conscience of the nation. They will be immensely effective as an educational effort in arousing public opinion..."
- -- Senator Nelson, April 23, 1970 at the University of Southern California
SJS / Siterunner: As a student activist at the University of Southern California, I looked at inviting Senator Gaylord Nelson to USC for the first Earth Day as a natural thing to do. We were organizing what became the first Earth Day as an extension of our peace work and vision-shifting, first-ever images of Planet Earth. We proposed an Earth Day event amid what the Senator called the "rumblings", as many of us in the student movement organized optimistically with our new 'whole Earth' vision.
The profound issues of the 1960s, civil rights, and the war in Vietnam were our 'coming of age' story and we dealt with what we called "the big picture". This, in turn, led to seeing with new eyes, with planetary awareness. It became a time for looking ahead and alternatives to politics-as-usual and business-as-usual. The modern environmental movement sprang forward and, on April 22nd, we raised a first Earth Day flag.
Earth Day flag
Steven Schmidt, GreenPolicy360 Siterunner
- DYK? Yes, we do know, we remember the beginnings
- We were there. We experienced and lived it...
On the 50th Anniversary, 2020
Memories on the Road to the First Earth Day
- Personal and Up Close
- By Steve Schmidt
Earth Day to Every Day
Planet Citizen Vision of Living Earth
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The "Conservation" movement grows into the "Environmental" movement
- A Wikipedia look at the 1970s transition and 'broader concern for the environment as a whole'
The Environmental history of the United States covers the history of the environment over the centuries to the late 20th century, plus the political and expert debates on conservation and environmental issues. The term "conservation" appeared in 1908 and was gradually replaced by "environmentalism" in the 1970s as the focus shifted from managing and protecting natural resources to a broader concern for the environment as a whole and the negative impact of poor air or water on humans.
Via Wikipedia
Onward
Our story continues to this day. We are GreenPolicy360 and we are continuing on, navigating in an eco-journey through stormy times, presenting Earth science news, green politics, green best practices and environmental movement recollections.
The numbers are in, and scientists can now confirm what month after month of extraordinary heat worldwide began signaling long ago. Last year was Earth’s warmest by far in a century and a half.
Global temperatures started blowing past records midyear and didn’t stop. First, June was the planet’s warmest June on record. Then, July was the warmest July. And so on, all the way through December.
Averaged across last year, temperatures worldwide were 1.48 degrees Celsius, or 2.66 Fahrenheit, higher than they were in the second half of the 19th century, the European Union climate monitor announced on Tuesday. That is warmer by a sizable margin than 2016, the previous hottest year.
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Decades of Environmental Protection Work 'In the Fields'
New Ways to See & Experience Planet Earth
Visit GreenPolicy360's story of Earth Science research from our decades of research, eco-activism and #PlanetCitizens education.
Our GreenPolicy360 eco operating system (eOS) includes:
ThinBlueLayer.com - Look at how thin our atmosphere is
New Definitions of National Security
Earth Science Research from Space
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Flashback -- 1978, Climate Action Memories
- GreenPolicy360 Siterunner: Our friend George steps up in Congress
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First National Climate Act
GreenPolicy360 Siterunner / SJ Schmidt: The beginnings of modern environmental and climate science can be traced to the 1960s and 1970s. The U.S. National Academy of Sciences played a key role in laying a foundation of scientific reports and data.
Energy and Climate Report, 1977, National Academy of Sciences / 175 pp. / PDF via GreenPolicy360
Rep. George Brown took the findings of the 1977 Energy and Climate Report from the Academy of Sciences and made the science actionable. In a historic moment, he proposed and drafted the legislation of the first U.S. National Climate Program and shepherded its passage in 1978.
This first federal program established to study and assess scientifically the issues and risks of human-caused climate change became a foundation for comprehensive initiatives, with an array of new Earth Science missions led by NASA and NOAA, the EPA and USGS.
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Ten Years On... 1988, the Climate Change Story Becomes News Headlines
- Jim Hansen testifies before the U.S. Senate
* https://greenpolicy360.net/w/File:Hansen-testimony-1988.jpg
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1992 -- Earth Summit
- We reported 'deep on the first Earth Summit'...
- and worked to draft a 1992 US presidential campaign platform 'heavy on the green'
Launch of Annual International Climate Conferences
Years later, after the launch of Wikipedia and as a public editor, we [Greenalot) added important content to the listing for the Earth Summit.
- Since the creation of the UNFCC many related environmental conferences, climate-related forums, and ongoing scientific research initiatives in the fields of sustainability, climate, and environmental security have continued to develop these intersecting issues. Non-governmental organizations (NGOs)[1] and educational institutions have been prominent participants.
- The Earth Summit played an influential role in diffusing several key principles of environmental treaties, such as the precautionary principle, common but differentiated responsibilities, and the polluter pays principle.[2]
Here's is an excerpt from the current (mid 2020s) listing, describing the ongoing roles that originated at this critically important 1992 Earth Summit conference...
'A key achievement of the 1992 conference was the establishment of the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) established in part as an international environmental treaty to combat "dangerous human interference with the climate system" and to stabilize greenhouse gas concentrations in the atmosphere. It was signed by 154 states at the United Nations Conference on Environment and Development (UNCED). By 2022, the UNFCCC had 198 parties. Its supreme decision-making body, the Conference of the Parties (COP) meets annually to assess progress in dealing with climate change.
Since the creation of the UNFCC many related environmental conferences, climate-related forums, and ongoing scientific research initiatives in the fields of sustainability, climate, and environmental security have continued to develop these intersecting issues. Non-governmental organizations (NGOs)[3] and educational institutions have been prominent participants.
The Earth Summit played an influential role in diffusing several key principles of environmental treaties, such as the precautionary principle, common but differentiated responsibilities, and the polluter pays principle.[4] ...
An important achievement of the summit was an agreement on the Climate Change Convention, which in turn led to the Kyoto Protocol and the Paris Agreement. Another agreement was "not to carry out any activities on the lands of indigenous peoples that would cause environmental degradation or that would be culturally inappropriate".
The Convention on Biological Diversity was opened for signature at the Earth Summit and made a start towards a redefinition of measures that did not inherently encourage the destruction of natural ecoregions and so-called uneconomic growth. World Oceans Day was initially proposed at this conference and has been recognized since then.[6]
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Steven Schmidt/GreenPolicy360:
Let us also all take a look at some of the history of climate conferences over the years here -- https://www.greenpolicy360.net/w/File:Climate_Conferences_1979-2020.jpg
The work continues as we step up and do our best, becoming Planet Citizens day-by-day, month-by-month, year-by-year, decade-by-decade
It's no ride in the park looking back at some 50+ years of environmental protection work. The obstacles were many, the climate change denial purposeful, and the dis- and mis-information pervasive. Those of us who were developing the field of climate science were, although we didn't describe it as such, creating a story arc of the climate change movement. The genesis of climate science was becoming a key 'atmospheric science' question to Congressman George E. Brown in the 1960s and I was, as a high school student, becoming a political follower of my representative's work. George went on to be a 'mover and shaker' in Congress and leader, as a trained physicist and practicing engineer, in the science and policy of climate. His work is essential in understanding how climate change powered up a constellation of NASA/NOAA/USGS programs and missions, many of which were the first of their type gathering digital data and earth science imaging. I was fortunate, as an environmental activist, to be along for the ride over the years until George Brown's untimely passing in 1999.
Thank you George for all you did, the perseverance, the vision, the hard work. You made a world of difference, a positive difference that goes on and on (and you changed my life) -- https://www.greenpolicy360.net/w/Earth_Day_Memories_on_the_50th_Anniversary
To our GreenPolicy360 readers, please take a look, a close look, at George E. Brown as I've recalled many of his contributions here -- https://www.greenpolicy360.net/w/George_E._Brown_Jr
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Planet Citizen Action | Planet Citizens, Planet Scientists
Environmental movement | The Commons | Eco-nomics | Environmental protection
New Definitions of National Security | Earth Right Now | Earth Science Vital Signs | Generation Green
Planet Citizen Vision of Living Earth
The Environmental movement takes the scientific data from the first era of Earth Science/imaging/observations and begins to organize and act on the findings to create a green politics movement
Earth Science Research from Space
Planet Citizens, Planet Scientists
Climate Action Plans 360
Climate Problems, Climate Solutions
On Earth | Earth, Science & Politics
Today, some 50+ years on, in a democratically debating world with databases and data resulting from all these years of science, observation, research, study and expertise at work, we as a species, globally connected humanity, are attempting how best to apply our Earth System Science knowledge base. The goal of having the necessary data and science informing us of Earth's dynamic, changing, living systems has been achieved to a significant degree.
We can say Earth is now in our hands. The question of questions is how will we act?
WaPo: Now, after what is poised to be the hottest year in recorded history, the same experts believe that it is already happening.
In a paper published last month, climate scientist James E. Hansen and a group of colleagues argued that the pace of global warming is poised to increase by 50 percent in the coming decades, with an accompanying escalation of impacts.
According to the scientists, an increased amount of heat energy trapped within the planet’s system — known as the planet’s “energy imbalance” — will accelerate warming. “If there’s more energy coming in than going out, you get warmer, and if you double that imbalance, you’re going to get warmer faster,” Hansen said in a phone interview.
Zeke Hausfather, a climate scientist with Berkeley Earth, has similarly called the last few months of temperatures “absolutely gobsmackingly bananas” and noted, “there is increasing evidence that global warming has accelerated over the past 15 years.”
But not everyone agrees. University of Pennsylvania climate scientist Michael Mann has argued that no acceleration is visible yet: “The truth is bad enough,” he wrote in a blog post.
GreenPolicy360:
In whatever perspective our readers see and experience human-induced climate change/global warming, and respond to environmental protection and climate challenges, we can say that our initial goal of recognizing a crisis-in-the-making and [https://www.greenpolicy360.net/w/New_Definitions_of_National_Security a new vision and changes to make informed decisions was set in motion.
Here we are.... What comes next in our story?
Time to keep on with the work planet citizens.
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Atmospheric Science
- Earth Science to Protect & Preserve a Sustainable Earth
- Time to act to make a positive difference
Planet Citizens, Planet Scientists, Preserving & Protecting the Home Planet Earth
- From the original NASA Mission Statement: "To understand and protect our home planet"
GreenPolicy360 Siterunner / SJS: What is almost always overlooked when one talks about the first years of the modern environmental movement is the science, the new science of the environmental movement. Most all media from the era of the 60s and 70s seems to have missed what your GreenPolicy360 siterunner was experiencing first hand -- a history of ideas, a shift in paradigms as what is now called "earth science" and "atmospheric science" and "climate change" and "global warming" first came onto the radar.
When one looks at today's Earth Science Research from Space and accumulative science data acquired over the decades, we are seeing the results of a congressman from my home district, a man called George E. Brown. George became my friend and mentor and together for over 30 years we collaborated as George became a visionary leader in the U.S. House of Representative.
Here is a touch of what I've written about George's life -- George E. Brown Jr
Planet Citizen, Planet Citizens, and Planet Citizens, Planet Scientists at GreenPolicy360 are influenced directly by George Brown. As an engineer with a physics background, George knew we were responsible for the next generation. The environmental movement we were launching would need good scientific data to make the decisions guiding how we respond to the great challenges of our times, the existential threats on multiple fronts. Your GreenPolicy360 siterunner has continued to carry this message under under a banner of earth science. Today, our 21st century earth science missions are tapping into the data and scientific results of programs designed to produce the knowledge base George Brown knew would be needed to make wise and even fateful decisions. Whether we make the necessary decisions is up to our generation, every generation has a 'generational responsibility'.
We, at GreenPolicy360, see rising challenges all of us must face, as Planet Citizens acting with vision...
Earth System Science: 'Measuring to Manage' our planet's living, changing systems
GreenPolicy360's founder was fortunate, beginning in the 1960s, to listen to Congressman Brown Congressman George E. Brown point to the NASA planning and explain how he saw Congress put into action the reality of a multi-year, coordinated, multi-agency atmospheric/earth science program to achieve mission goals. Earth science, measuring and monitoring Earth's life-enabling systems was given highest priority. Landsat's program was set in motion as a decades long, first-ever digital scanning remote satellites data collecting study. An array of satellites began to launch, creating and combining the expanding resources of NASA, USGS, NOAA, and an array of educational and scientific institutions and aeronautics business.
The overall goal, Representative Brown would continue to explain in his Congressional Science, Space & Technology leadership roles over the decades, was to understand, preserve and protect our planet as we, humanity, develop the science to look beyond the Earth and study 'the heavens'.
Here's to George Brown and the many visionaries, thinkers and doers who have carried on preserving and protecting our home planet.
As George and I worked with him over many years we both grew in our politics as we worked together for peace and environmental protection. Big science was at the center of much of George's future-looking agenda. He believed in green politics and was a mentor to me and many. He became a leader in Congress from California who helped shape the modern environmental movement.
Environmental Laws, Models Going Forward
US National Environmental Policy Act, a "Magna Carta"
Today many of the actions of George Brown continue as models for citizens, cities and nations of the world. California and a green political/environmental protection movement that George helped to begin continue to be out in front with ideas to improve quality of life.
In our GreenPolicy360 work, George's work continues. Even as political opposition to environmental work, anti-nuclear work, anti-war work is at risk, as we look out at a strategic horizon with pressing demands, the foundations put in place by an earlier generation remain strong.
Planet Citizen Action | Climate Problems, Climate Solutions
George Brown's work remains with us in his legacy of accomplishment. I miss him often but know he is still around. I feel him when I write of green ideas and look to our kids and education and our shared future...
Let's look at some of what George accomplished before his untimely passing in 1999:
George was instrumental in proposing and establishing the Presidential Office of Science and Technology Policy in 1976. He was working alongside the National Academy of Sciences as they released a first-ever climate report in 1977. In 1977 he and the new Office of Science and Technology sent a first government warning of "climatic fluctuation" and "catastrophic" change to President Carter:
Rep. George Brown was a key player in legislation founding the Environmental Protection Agency.
As the LA Times noted (without pomp or circumstance) in George's obituary in 1999: "He championed the creation of the federal Environmental Protection Agency". The creation of the EPA was in many ways Congressman George Brown's vision achieved..."
The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency Looks Back at Origins
* https://www.epa.gov/history * https://www.epa.gov/history/origins-epa * https://www.epa.gov/history/historical-photos-and-images * https://www.epa.gov/history/historical-environmental-topics#historical * https://www.epa.gov/history/epa-order-100027-epa-history-program
The result of Congressional initiative and Reorganization Plan to bring together federal agencies and programs to study, monitor and protect the health and well-being of people and the environment, the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency was established on July 9, 1970; it began operation on December 2, 1970.
Earlier, in December 1969, Congress passed the National Environmental Policy Act (NEPA), a bill intended to "create and maintain conditions under which man and nature can exist in productive harmony" and to "assure for all Americans safe, healthful, productive, aesthetically and culturally pleasing surroundings."
NEPA required any federal agency planning a project that would affect the environment to submit a report on the likely consequences of its plan.
A "Whole Earth" movement was born as citizens of planet Earth looked up and looked back and saw, for the first time, majestic real-time pictures of home.
Years later, the Environmental Protection Agency published its history, including these notable phrases:
"By late 1969, the subterranean rumblings heralding the impending explosion could already be heard... "Suddenly out of the woodwork come thousands of people talking about ecology."
"It was at just this time that Congress sent to the President a remarkable bill known as the National Environmental Policy Act (NEPA). Senator Gaylord Nelson (D-Wis) -- looking back at the "Environmental Decade" in 1980 -- called NEPA "the most important piece of environmental legislation in our history."
Senator Gaylord Nelson recalls that right after the passage of NEPA, "the issue of the environment exploded on the country like Mount St. Helens."
National Environmental Policy Act
"The Magna Carta of the country’s national environmental laws..."
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In Memory of Rachel Carson, "Ecosystems" and Her Eye-Opening Science
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A Modern Environmental Movement
Climate Science in the Modern Era / Facts & Data, 'Big Science'
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Planet Citizens in action....
Get with the Action
The Keeling Curve -- note how a climate scientist is tracking mitigation impacts as dynamic changes in CO2
The Climate Brink, Zeke Hausfather (2026)
Intro to Climate Brink Dashboard | The Climate Brink Dashboard
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We asked Google Search -- "What's the biggest threat to future generations?"
The answer? Climate change: “The biggest threat to the future of coming generations is climate change. It poses a grave threat to human well-being and the health of the planet. Further delay in concerted global action will miss the brief, rapidly closing window to secure a livable future.”
Google continued, “Climate change can disrupt agricultural production, damage infrastructure, and increase the risk of natural disasters, leading to economic instability and hardship; can exacerbate existing social and political tensions by leading to resource scarcity, migration, and conflict. The impacts of climate change will be felt for generations to come.”
Global and Local, National and State, Community and Personal
Whole Earth
Look at the challenge, the trendlines associated with carbon/CO2/fossil fuel emissions...
Case Study
GreenPolicy360 in Florida
From GreenPolicy360's terrestrial home, Florida
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- Planet Citizens, Where Are You on Earth!
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GreenPolicy360, Tracking the Climate Challenge -- 50+ Years at the frontlines, from Earthrise and the first Earth Day 'teach ins' of April 1970 and still going... Every Day is Earth Day.
A journey that begin with 'Whole Earth' images and then in action with a man named George, who became known as Mr. Science in the US Congress.
George, in many ways, got the Climate Change, Earth Science mission going, with NASA, USGS, and on and on and on...
Read our founder of GreenPolicy360, Steve Schmidt's story about 'My Friend George' -- https://www.greenpolicy360.net/w/George_E._Brown_Jr
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Paleoclimatology: Scientists have investigated Earth’s climate over the last 485 million years
'A history of wild temperature shifts offers a warning on the consequences of human-caused warming'
From the Journal Science
'The revelations about Earth’s scorching past are further reason for concern about modern climate change'
'At no point in the nearly half-billion years ... did the Earth change as fast as it is changing now'
“We know that these catastrophic events … shift the landscape of what life looks like...”
“When the environment warms that fast, animals and plants can’t keep pace with it.”
“Carbon dioxide is really that master dial”
“That’s an important message … in terms of understanding why emissions from fossil fuels are a problem today.”
- https://wapo.st/4cRas7x (gift article)
- https://www.washingtonpost.com/climate-environment/2024/09/19/earth-temperature-global-warming-planet/
(Science) What was Earth’s temperature tens to hundreds of millions of years ago? The planet has gone through different periods, some with extensive polar ice caps and others being completely ice-free. Estimating past global temperature is important for understanding the history of life on Earth, for predicting future climate, and more broadly, to inform the search for other habitable planets. ...
(The University of Arizona authors of the study) combined a large set of climate model simulations at different global temperatures across the last 485 million years with the oxygen isotope dataset as well as with other less frequently sampled temperature indicators such as temperature-sensitive organic molecules. Joining the model and the geological data enabled the authors to account for regional variations in predicted temperature. For example, a sample from a polar region was compared to climate model predictions in the same region. This produces a more accurate estimate of the global average temperature of Earth over time.
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A First-in-Science of Earth's Temperature History as Derived from the Fossil Record
An ambitious effort to understand the Earth’s climate over the past 485 million years has revealed a history of wild shifts and far hotter temperatures than scientists previously realized — offering a reminder of how much change the planet has already endured and a warning about the unprecedented rate of warming caused by humans.
The timeline, published Thursday in the journal Science, is the most rigorous reconstruction of Earth’s past temperatures ever produced, the authors say. Created by combining more than 150,000 pieces of fossil evidence with state-of-the-art climate models, it shows the intimate link between carbon dioxide and global temperatures and reveals that the world was in a much warmer state for most of the history of complex animal life.
At its hottest, the study suggests, the Earth’s average temperature reached 96.8 degrees Fahrenheit (36 degrees Celsius)... The revelations about Earth’s scorching past are further reason for concern about modern climate change, said Emily Judd, a researcher at University of Arizona and the Smithsonian specializing in ancient climates and the lead author of the study. The timeline illustrates how swift and dramatic temperature shifts were associated with many of the world’s worst moments — including a mass extinction that wiped out roughly 90 percent of all species and the asteroid strike that killed the dinosaurs.
“We know that these catastrophic events … shift the landscape of what life looks like,” Judd said. “When the environment warms that fast, animals and plants can’t keep pace with it.”
At no point in the nearly half-billion years that Judd and her colleagues analyzed did the Earth change as fast as it is changing now, she added: “In the same way as a massive asteroid hitting the Earth, what we’re doing now is unprecedented.”
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- Look again, closely, at 'how thin our atmosphere is'
Planetcitizens.org | Climate News | New Definitions of National Security
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The First National Climate Act, Historic Work
GreenPolicy360 Siterunner / SJ Schmidt: The beginnings of modern environmental and climate science can be traced to the 1960s and 1970s. The U.S. National Academy of Sciences played a key role in laying a foundation of scientific reports and data.
Energy and Climate Report, 1977, National Academy of Sciences / 175 pp. / PDF via GreenPolicy360
Rep. George Brown took the findings of the 1977 Energy and Climate Report from the Academy of Sciences and made the science actionable. In a historic moment, he proposed and drafted the legislation of the first U.S. National Climate Program and shepherded its passage in 1978.
This first federal program established to study and assess scientifically the issues and risks of human-caused climate change became a foundation for comprehensive initiatives, with an array of new Earth Science missions led by NASA and NOAA, the EPA and USGS.
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Climate Change Forecasts and Hindcasts: How Accurate Have Predictions Been of Climate Scientists?
Study Confirms Climate Models are Getting Future Warming Projections Right
NASA Science Editorial Team
JAN 09, 2020
An animation of a GISS (Goddard Institute for Space Studies) climate model simulation made for the United Nations' Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change Fourth Assessment Report, showing five-year averaged surface air temperature anomalies in degrees Celsius from 1880 to 2100. The temperature anomaly is a measure of how much warmer or colder it is at a particular place and time than the long-term mean temperature, defined as the average temperature over the 30-year base period from 1951 to 1980. Blue areas represent cool areas and yellow and red areas represent warmer areas. The number in the upper right corner represents the global mean anomaly.
NASA’s Goddard Institute for Space Studies
There’s an old saying that “the proof is in the pudding,” meaning that you can only truly gauge the quality of something once it’s been put to a test. Such is the case with climate models: mathematical computer simulations of the various factors that interact to affect Earth’s climate, such as our atmosphere, ocean, ice, land surface and the Sun.
For decades, people have legitimately wondered how well climate models perform in predicting future climate conditions. Based on solid physics and the best understanding of the Earth system available, they skillfully reproduce observed data. Nevertheless, they have a wide response to increasing carbon dioxide levels, and many uncertainties remain in the details. The hallmark of good science, however, is the ability to make testable predictions, and climate models have been making predictions since the 1970s. How reliable have they been?
Now a new evaluation of global climate models used to project Earth’s future global average surface temperatures over the past half-century answers that question: most of the models have been quite accurate.
Forecast_evaluation_for_models_run_in_2004_in_F_and_C
Models that were used in the IPCC 4th Assessment Report can be evaluated by comparing their approximately 20-year predictions with what actually happened. In this figure, the multi-model ensemble and the average of all the models are plotted alongside the NASA Goddard Institute for Space Studies (GISS) Surface Temperature Index (GISTEMP). Climate drivers were known for the ‘hindcast’ period (before 2000) and forecast for the period beyond. The temperatures (in degrees Fahrenheit on the left and degrees Celsius on the right) are plotted with respect to a 1980-1999 baseline.
-- Gavin Schmidt
In a study accepted for publication in the journal Geophysical Research Letters, a research team led by Zeke Hausfather of the University of California, Berkeley, conducted a systematic evaluation of the performance of past climate models. The team compared 17 increasingly sophisticated model projections of global average temperature developed between 1970 and 2007, including some originally developed by NASA, with actual changes in global temperature observed through the end of 2017. The observational temperature data came from multiple sources, including NASA’s Goddard Institute for Space Studies Surface Temperature Analysis (GISTEMP) time series, an estimate of global surface temperature change.
The results: 10 of the model projections closely matched observations. Moreover, after accounting for differences between modeled and actual changes in atmospheric carbon dioxide and other factors that drive climate, the number increased to 14. The authors found no evidence that the climate models evaluated either systematically overestimated or underestimated warming over the period of their projections.
“The results of this study of past climate models bolster scientists’ confidence that both they as well as today’s more advanced climate models are skillfully projecting global warming,” said study co-author Gavin Schmidt, director of NASA’s Goddard Institute of Space Studies in New York. “This research could help resolve public confusion around the performance of past climate modeling efforts.”
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(1979-2020)
"A Timeline of International Climate Conferences"
- Accompanied by 'Trends in Atmospheric CO2 vs Global Temperature Change'
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"Climate Change", "Climate Devastation"
Environmental Security, National Security
Earth Science Research from Space
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GreenPolicy360 & Strategic Demands:
: 
Our "Thin Blue" focus on atmospheric science & climate change
Rarely recognized as a 'strategically vital' natural resource, our home planet's thin blue layer of life protecting atmosphere is being disrupted
- Today's industrial emissions are 'externalities', ominous costs adding up relentlessly in an experimental brew of risk & change to "Thin Blue"
2015: Hottest in modern times Not new news, it's hotter
It's Hot: Is It Deniable? Ask the US Congress
'External Costs' and "Mother Nature's 'Invisible Hand'"
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National Climate Plans
(Updated: 2026-2025)
National Climate Plans (Permalink)
Countries & Climate Action Plans
View your country's official plans for climate action
~ 200 nations globally + additional submitted information
United Nations (UN) Climate Plans Database
Global/National Climate Policy Action Plans
Green Networking ... Local / National / Global
EU Countries, 2021-2030, National Energy Climate Plans (NECPs)
Goals Set by the European Green Deal
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National Adaptation Plan Process
INDCs to NDCs, Nations of the World Plans of Action on Climate Change
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After the Paris International Climate Agreement: Turning from 'Intended' Plans to 'Determined' Plans
Paris Climate Agreement Tracker / CAIT Climate Data Explorer
Click on the Map for the Latest Country-by-Country News
- GreenPolicy360 - Climate Plans Enforcement Initiative
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Pope Francis on the eve of the Climate mtgs
- "It would be sad, and dare I say even catastrophic, were special interests to prevail over the common good and lead to manipulating information in order to protect their own plans and interests."
- "The Pope focuses comments to those who reject the science behind global warming..."
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More Climate Policy Updates @GreenPolicy360
"Climate Change", aka, "Climate Disruption"
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Begin with the History of Climate Change Science
The Discovery of Global Warming
- https://www.aip.org/history/climate/author.htm
- https://www.aip.org/history/climate/summary.htm (with hyperlinks)
Congressman Brown / Science Committee in Front of Climate Action
National Climate Program Act, 1978 / PDF
- The first US federal program established (1978) to study and assess scientifically the issues and risks of human-caused climate change
1981
Climate Impact of Increasing Atmospheric Carbon Dioxide
From the Journal of Science
28 August 1981, Volume 213, Number 4511
James Hansen et al.
Greenhouse Effect
Atmospheric CO2 increased from 280 to 300 parts per million in 1880 to 335 to 340 ppm in 1980, mainly due to burning of fossil fuels....
Summary. The global temperature rose by 0.20C between the middle 1960’s and1980, yielding a warming of 0.4°C in the past century. This temperature increase is consistent with the calculated greenhouse effect due to measured increases of atmospheric carbon dioxide. Variations of volcanic aerosols and possibly solar luminosity appear to be primary causes of observed fluctuations about the mean trend of increasing temperature. It is shown that the anthropogenic carbon dioxide warming should emerge from the noise level of natural climate variability by the end of the century, and there is a high probability of warming in the 1980’s. Potential effects on climate in the 21st century include the creation of drought-prone regions in North America and central Asia as part of a shifting of climatic zones, erosion of the West Antarctic ice sheet with a consequent worldwide rise in sea level, and opening of the fabled Northwest Passage.
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To Be or Not to Be Planet Citizens
GreenPolicy360:
When climate change came 'on the radar'
GreenPolicy360 journeys across 50+ years of the modern environmental movement
This story is now 50 years plus old and at GreenPolicy360 we have been attempting to bring to light many of the salient, and key moments of the history and crucial-to-know events that have led to today's activism dealing with climate change. The origins of earth science, atmospheric science, the environmental protection movement, the technology to measure and monitor earth system and dynamic change have brought us to today.
Thank you for visiting us and please feel free to click through our content and links. We are an open-source MediaWiki platform after all and our originating model was to share 'green best practices' worldwide. Climate change and climate policy, realization of the problems bring us to climate action.
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Subcategories
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Pages in category "Climate Change"
The following 200 pages are in this category, out of 272 total.
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A
- A Day with Al Gore
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B
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Media in category "Climate Change"
The following 200 files are in this category, out of 2,112 total.
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