Category:Florida: Difference between revisions

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<big><big>'''Florida, the Sunshine State'''</big></big>
 
 
[[File:Florida via NASA 2022.png]]
 
 
[[File:Florida Wildlife Corridor - 2022 illustration.png]]
 
 
[[File:Florida Wildlife Corridor FLWC Water Benefits December 2022.png]]
 
 
[[File:Florida Wildlife Corridor FLWC Report.pdf]]
 
 
 
🌎
 
 
 
[[File:ClimateNewsFlorida.com-Climate News Florida homepage.jpg]]
 
 
<big><big><big>''' 'The Frontlines of Climate Change' '''</big></big></big>
 
: <big>Climate Vulnerability, Climate Change Denial, Extreme Weather, Rising Seas</big>
 
 
 
:[[File:ClimateNewsFlorida.jpg]]
 
 
 
<big><big>ClimateNewsFlorida.com'''</big></big>
 
:A GreenPolicy360 Project
 
* https://climatenewsflorida.com/
 
* https://www.greenpolicy360.net/w/Climate_News
 
* https://www.greenpolicy360.net/w/Sea-Level_Rise
 
 
 
[[File:Bahamas from the ISS.jpg]]
 
 
 
🌎
 
 
 
[[File:Florida Climate Institute - University Affiliates.png]]
 
 
<big><big>'''''Florida Climate Institute'''''</big></big>
 
:Florida Colleges/Universities Link Up to Tackle Climate Change
 
* https://floridaclimateinstitute.org/
 
* https://floridaclimateinstitute.org/about
 
''The Florida Climate Institute (FCI) is a multi-disciplinary network of national and international research and public organizations, scientists, and individuals concerned with achieving a better understanding of climate variability and change.''
 
''The FCI has eleven member universities – Florida A&M University (FAMU); Florida Atlantic University (FAU); the Florida Institute of Technology (FIT); Florida International University (FIU); Florida State University (FSU); Nova Southeastern University (NSU); the University of Central Florida (UCF); the University of Florida (UF); the University of Miami (UM); the University of South Florida (USF); and Stetson University (SU) – and is supported by relevant colleges, centers, and programs at these universities. UF and FSU initiated the FCI in 2010; FAU, UCF, UM, and USF formally joined in 2012; FIU formally joined in 2013; FAMU formally joined in 2014; FIT formally joined in 2015; and NSU formally joined in 2017.''
 
 
<big>'''''The Climate Issue'''''</big>
 
* https://floridaclimateinstitute.org/about/issue
 
''Climate variability and change pose significant economic, food security, and environmental risks worldwide. Drought, storms with heavy rain, high winds, flooding, and freeze events cause billions of dollars in losses to the agricultural and natural resources sectors locally in Florida and globally. The Fourth Assessment Report (AR4) of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) predicts that by the year 2100 global average temperature is likely to increase by 1.1 to 6.4°C (2 to 11.5°F), global mean sea level will rise from 0.18 to 0.59 m (7 to 23 inches), and increases in precipitation intensity and variability will increase the risk of both flooding and drought. The IPCC AR4 also states that many regions will experience considerable deviations from the global averages and there is tremendous uncertainty regarding the regional and local impacts of global changes. Some regions will warm more than the global average while others will warm less or even cool.''
 
''Much of the climate change information communicated to the public is based on IPCC projections that are both at the global level and relatively long-term (50 to 100 years). However, many climate stakeholders, including policy makers, farmers, and the public, also need information at local to regional levels and at shorter time scales. Climate stakeholders want reliable, scientifically-sound, region-specific climate information at multiple time scales to help evaluate various options for climate change adaptation and mitigation.''
 
 
<big>'''''Climate Projects'''''</big>
 
* https://floridaclimateinstitute.org/projects/all
 
 
'''''All Projects'''''
 
''Ecosystems''
 
:Agriculture
:Coastal Ecosystems
:Terrestrial Ecosystems
 
''Natural Resources''
 
:Climate Sciences
:Water
:Energy
:Land
 
''Human Resources''
 
:Human Dimensions
:Extension
:Education
   
''Student Project''
 
:2020 Field Course
:2018 Field Course
:2017 Field Course
:2017 Student Video Competition
 
 
 
🌎
 




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:https://ballotpedia.org/Florida


http://eros.usgs.gov/sites/all/files/external/imagegallery/2429.jpg
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<big><big>'''More [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_power_in_the_United_States Solar Power] Needed in the 'Sunshine State''''</big></big>




[[File:Home @night.JPG]]
[http://fcir.org/2015/04/03/in-sunshine-state-big-energy-blocks-solar-power/ '''Why is Florida, a state called the 'Sunshine State', acting to blocking effective solar energy policies?''']


* https://opportunityforallfloridians.org/2022/02/24/setting-sun-just-the-latest-attack-on-florida-solar-freedom/


* https://www.tampabay.com/news/florida-politics/2021/12/20/floridas-largest-electric-utility-conspired-against-solar-power-documents-show/


<big>'''In Memory ... [https://www.greenpolicy360.net/w/PlanetCitizen a Florida Planet Citizen]'''</big>


'''''Nathaniel Reed, environmental advocate and co-author of the Endangered Species Act'''''


: http://fcir.org/wp-content/uploads/2015/03/rooftop_solar.jpg


[https://www.tampabay.com/news/environment/Nathaniel-Reed-Florida-environmental-advocate-and-co-author-of-the-Endangered-Species-Act-dies-at-84_169924582 ''Via the Tampa Bay Times / Craig Pittman'']




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<big>'''Lake Okeechobee, [https://www.greenpolicy360.net/w/File:Lake_Okeechobee-June_29,_2018.jpg threats to the Everglades and Florida's coasts]'''</big>


<big><big>'''At the Edge: Sea-level Rise in a Near Sea-level State'''</big></big>


[[File:Lake Okeechobee-June 29, 2018.jpg|link=https://www.tcpalm.com/picture-gallery/news/local/indian-river-lagoon/2018/07/02/satellite-images-show-nearly-all-of-lake-okeechobee-covered-in-algae/36570003/]]


<big>'''[[Sea-Level Rise]]'''</big>


* https://www.greenpolicy360.net/w/Sea-Level_Rise


<big>○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○</big>




[http://www.floridasprings.org/learn/questions/ '''''Natural springs''''']  
:::[https://climate.nasa.gov/vital-signs/sea-level/ <small>''"Vital Signs" / Sea Level / NASA''</small>]


Florida has more first-magnitude springs than any other state or any other nation in the world
::::[http://www.columbia.edu/~mhs119/SeaLevel/ <small>''Sea-Level Change Over Time''</small>]


* http://apalacheehills.com/springs/Springbook/FirstMagnitude.htm


:::::<small>[http://southeastfloridaclimatecompact.org/wp-content/uploads/2015/10/2015-Compact-Unified-Sea-Level-Rise-Projection.pdf ''Unified Sea-Level Rise Projection, Southeast Florida'']</small>


[[File:Unified sea level rise - Southeast Florida.jpg]]


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&nbsp;




<big><big>'''More Solar Power Needed'''</big></big>
:::::[[File:Miami Reminder.jpg]]




[http://fcir.org/2015/04/03/in-sunshine-state-big-energy-blocks-solar-power/ '''Why is Florida, the 'Sunshine State', Blocking Effective Solar Energy Policy?''']
&nbsp;


'''https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_power_in_the_United_States'''
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http://fcir.org/wp-content/uploads/2015/03/rooftop_solar.jpg
<big>'''Florida is the the geo-center of US #ClimateChange disruption...'''</big>




···································   
'''The 'weather and climate' forecasts are growing ominous in Florida. [https://www.greenpolicy360.net/w/Sea-Level_Rise sea-level rise] and annual extreme weather events, hurricanes, winds and ocean surges, salt-water intrusion into the state's highly porous peninsula, the news on and on is telling a story to those who listen. Florida is facing a multitude of natural- and human-caused challenges in the 21st century. Is Florida prepared, is Florida planning for the future?'''


<big><big><u>'''[[Sea-Level Rise]]'''</u></big></big>




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[http://www.greenpolicy360.net/w/Climate_News '''Climate News Updates''']  
[http://www.greenpolicy360.net/w/Climate_News '''Climate News Updates''']  
:https://ballotpedia.org/Florida




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<big><big>'''May 2018'''</big></big>




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MIAMI HERALD EDITORIAL BOARD
MIAMI HERALD EDITORIAL BOARD
May 04, 2018


''No graver threat faces the future of South Florida than the accelerating pace of sea-level rise. In the past century, the sea has risen 9 inches in Key West. In the past 23 years, it’s risen 3 inches. By 2060, it’s predicted to rise another 2 feet, with no sign of slowing down.''
''No graver threat faces the future of South Florida than the accelerating pace of sea-level rise. In the past century, the sea has risen 9 inches in Key West. In the past 23 years, it’s risen 3 inches. By 2060, it’s predicted to rise another 2 feet, with no sign of slowing down.''
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<big>Floridian Geography</big>


[https://twitter.com/search?q=miami%20sea%20level%20rise&src=typd Twitter / Miami sea level rise]
A shifting, ever-changing coastline/shoreline


[[File:Warning, possible flooding, climate change.jpg]]
<big>[[Living coastline]]</big>
 
 
<big><big>'''April 2018'''</big></big>
 
 
<big>'''''Miami / Miami Beach, a Race Against Time'''''</big>
 
'''''Via Fortune / Wall Street Journal / Real Estate - Climate Change'''''
 
* [http://fortune.com/2018/04/21/climate-change-is-already-depressing-the-price-of-flood-prone-real-estate/ '''''Climate Change Is Already Depressing the Price of Flood-Prone Real Estate''''']
 
 
<big>'''''Rising Sea Levels Reshape Miami’s Housing Market'''''</big>
 
'''''Properties on the coast now trade at discounts as flood waters and ‘king tides’ damp enthusiasm for oceanfront living.'''''
''New research shows that real estate properties in areas affected by extreme weather and sea level rise are losing value relative to less exposed properties. The effects are already substantial, but they may point to a looming collapse as climate change makes coastal communities untenable.''
 
''Work by Harvard researchers [http://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/1748-9326/aabb32 published last week] and [https://www.wsj.com/articles/climate-fears-reshape-miamis-housing-market-1524225600 highlighted] by the Wall Street Journal finds that, after accounting for an array of other factors, home prices have appreciated more slowly in lower-lying areas of Miami-Dade County, particularly Miami Beach. A broader study using data from Zillow, still under peer review, found that properties exposed to rising sea levels sell at a 7% discount to comparable properties not subject to climate-related risk.''
 
''As many as 13% of Americans are still convinced climate change isn’t happening at all, and 30% are confident that humans play no role in it. But real estate prices now seem to confirm the chestnut attributed to author Philip K. Dick: “Reality is that which, when you stop believing in it, doesn’t go away.”''
 
○
 
[https://e360.yale.edu/features/flooding-hot-spots-why-seas-are-rising-faster-on-the-u.s.-east-coast '''''Yale.edu / Why Seas Are Rising Faster on U.S. East Coast''''']
 
: ''Along the southeastern coast of the U.S., researchers have zeroed in on three factors that have made this shoreline a regional hot spot of sea-level rise. They include a slowing Gulf Stream, shifts in a major North Atlantic weather pattern, and the effects of El Niño climate cycles.''
 
:'''''“These coastal areas are more vulnerable than they realize to short-term rapid acceleration of sea-level rise,”''' says Andrea Dutton, a University of Florida geologist who studies the history of sea-level fluctuations. “If they’re hanging their hat on sea level rise projections looking at the potential over decades, they need to refocus and think about the potential for short-term variability in that rate.”''
 
○
 
[http://www.businessinsider.com/miami-floods-sea-level-rise-solutions-2018-4 '''''Sea-level Rise Now and Tomorrow''''']
 
:'''''The ground under the cities of South Florida is largely porous limestone, which means water will eventually rise up through it.'''''
 
::''“Our underlying geology is like Swiss cheese...”''
 
:::''-- Mayor Philip Levine, [http://www.miamiherald.com/news/politics-government/state-politics/article182033066.html running for Florida Governor]''
 
 
 
<big><big>'''March 2018'''</big></big>
 
 
<big>'''''Scientists continue to study the questions that need to be asked'''''</big>
 
* https://eos.org/research-spotlights/incorporating-physical-processes-into-sea-level-projections
 
''When projecting future sea levels, scientists have traditionally relied upon physical models and expert assessments to project the polar ice sheets’ response to various emission scenarios. These approaches, however, haven’t taken into account some physical processes that can quickly increase ice sheet discharge, such as the collapse of terminal ice cliffs and the breakup of floating ice shelves caused by a process known as [http://psc.apl.uw.edu/the-influence-of-hydrofracture-and-surface-melt-variability-on-greenland-ice-sheet-flow/ hydrofracturing].''
 
''Now [http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/2017EF000663/abstract;jsessionid=1B4091E090EE414960062C6ABAE3A4A5.f03t02 Robert Kopp et al.] have integrated both of these processes into a probability-based modeling framework to explore how they could affect future projections of global and local sea level changes. The results indicate that these mechanisms could significantly raise sea level forecasts for high-emission scenarios, including nearly doubling the median projections of 21st century global mean sea level rise by 2100.''
 
 
<big><big>'''January/February 2018'''</big></big>
 
[[File:Sea-level rise flooding map.png | link=http://sealevel.climatecentral.org/]]
 
<big>'''''Risk Finder & Map'''''</big>
 
''Projections, analysis, comparisons, and downloadable data and local reports''


''Coastal flood and sea level threats to people, property and infrastructure''


''For cities, counties, states, ZIP zones...''
Florida, a porous limestone geography, caverns and caves, underground springs and aquifers at risk of salt-water intrusion .....  


Florida has more first-magnitude springs than any other state or any other nation in the world .....


: Florida is a peninsula that is an ancient sea-bed risen over millions of years, a geology of limestone, a 'karst' landscape


○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○
: Florida has the longest coastline of the lower 48 states


: * http://apalacheehills.com/springs/Springbook/FirstMagnitude.htm




[[File:Florida at night ISS Nov2,2010.jpg]]


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[[Category:About Us]]
[[Category:Climate Change]]
[[Category:Climate Policy]]
[[Category:GreenPolicy360]]
[[Category:Green Politics]]
[[Category:Earth System Science]]
[[Category:Sea-level Rise]]
[[Category:Sea-level Rise]]
[[Category:State]]
[[Category:State]]
[[Category:United States]]
[[Category:United States]]
[[Category:Water]]

Latest revision as of 14:36, 2 April 2023


Florida via NASA 2022.png


Florida Wildlife Corridor - 2022 illustration.png


Florida Wildlife Corridor FLWC Water Benefits December 2022.png


File:Florida Wildlife Corridor FLWC Report.pdf


🌎


ClimateNewsFlorida.com-Climate News Florida homepage.jpg


'The Frontlines of Climate Change'

Climate Vulnerability, Climate Change Denial, Extreme Weather, Rising Seas


ClimateNewsFlorida.jpg


ClimateNewsFlorida.com

A GreenPolicy360 Project


Bahamas from the ISS.jpg


🌎


Florida Climate Institute - University Affiliates.png


Florida Climate Institute

Florida Colleges/Universities Link Up to Tackle Climate Change

The Florida Climate Institute (FCI) is a multi-disciplinary network of national and international research and public organizations, scientists, and individuals concerned with achieving a better understanding of climate variability and change.

The FCI has eleven member universities – Florida A&M University (FAMU); Florida Atlantic University (FAU); the Florida Institute of Technology (FIT); Florida International University (FIU); Florida State University (FSU); Nova Southeastern University (NSU); the University of Central Florida (UCF); the University of Florida (UF); the University of Miami (UM); the University of South Florida (USF); and Stetson University (SU) – and is supported by relevant colleges, centers, and programs at these universities. UF and FSU initiated the FCI in 2010; FAU, UCF, UM, and USF formally joined in 2012; FIU formally joined in 2013; FAMU formally joined in 2014; FIT formally joined in 2015; and NSU formally joined in 2017.


The Climate Issue

Climate variability and change pose significant economic, food security, and environmental risks worldwide. Drought, storms with heavy rain, high winds, flooding, and freeze events cause billions of dollars in losses to the agricultural and natural resources sectors locally in Florida and globally. The Fourth Assessment Report (AR4) of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) predicts that by the year 2100 global average temperature is likely to increase by 1.1 to 6.4°C (2 to 11.5°F), global mean sea level will rise from 0.18 to 0.59 m (7 to 23 inches), and increases in precipitation intensity and variability will increase the risk of both flooding and drought. The IPCC AR4 also states that many regions will experience considerable deviations from the global averages and there is tremendous uncertainty regarding the regional and local impacts of global changes. Some regions will warm more than the global average while others will warm less or even cool.

Much of the climate change information communicated to the public is based on IPCC projections that are both at the global level and relatively long-term (50 to 100 years). However, many climate stakeholders, including policy makers, farmers, and the public, also need information at local to regional levels and at shorter time scales. Climate stakeholders want reliable, scientifically-sound, region-specific climate information at multiple time scales to help evaluate various options for climate change adaptation and mitigation.


Climate Projects


All Projects

Ecosystems

Agriculture
Coastal Ecosystems
Terrestrial Ecosystems

Natural Resources

Climate Sciences
Water
Energy
Land

Human Resources

Human Dimensions
Extension
Education

Student Project

2020 Field Course
2018 Field Course
2017 Field Course
2017 Student Video Competition


🌎


Everglades at Sunrise 2016.jpg


○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○


More Solar Power Needed in the 'Sunshine State'


Why is Florida, a state called the 'Sunshine State', acting to blocking effective solar energy policies?


http://fcir.org/wp-content/uploads/2015/03/rooftop_solar.jpg


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At the Edge: Sea-level Rise in a Near Sea-level State


Sea-Level Rise


"Vital Signs" / Sea Level / NASA
Sea-Level Change Over Time


Unified Sea-Level Rise Projection, Southeast Florida

Unified sea level rise - Southeast Florida.jpg


 


Miami Reminder.jpg


 

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Florida is the the geo-center of US #ClimateChange disruption...


The 'weather and climate' forecasts are growing ominous in Florida. sea-level rise and annual extreme weather events, hurricanes, winds and ocean surges, salt-water intrusion into the state's highly porous peninsula, the news on and on is telling a story to those who listen. Florida is facing a multitude of natural- and human-caused challenges in the 21st century. Is Florida prepared, is Florida planning for the future?


Why Are So Many Florida Politicians in Denial about the Reality of Climate Change?

Climate News Updates


https://ballotpedia.org/Florida


The Presidential campaign comes to the 'Sunshine State'

Sunshine state politics -- Some environmental Carl Hiaasen riffing on Florida's Gov Scott and Clinton & Sanders from today's Miami Herald & Tampa Bay Times.

Clinton "mocked the Scott administration's directive to state employees not to use the words "climate change" and pledged to support renewable energy in Florida."

"Of Scott's order to state employees, she said: "I found this one hard to believe. I mean, you've just got to shake your head at that."

"When Republicans say they can't talk about climate change because they're not scientists, Clinton said, there's a cure for that: "Go talk to a scientist."

Sanders "also criticized Republicans for their obstinance on climate change, which he said is holding Florida back from becoming a leader in renewable energy."

"The state of Florida has an extraordinary natural resource: its called sunlight," Sanders said, "and this state should be a leader in the world in producing solar energy."

And from Florida, an Editorial re: political moves in the 'Sunshine State'... misnaming a constitutional amendment that would, in effect, *prevent sunshine/solar energy* from competing w/ the fossil fuel industry. The issue is now before the Court. Ivan Penn formerly w/ the St Pete Times, now w/ the LA Times, wrote extensively about energy issues in Florida. What a long-running story it is. Today's Tampa Bay Times Editorial speaks of the latest chapter of public good vs energy industry-lobbying power...


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Rising Seas: 'Florida is about to be ... transformed in the coming years'

"Take the six million people who live in south Florida today and divide them into two groups: those who live less than six and a half feet above the current high tide line, and everybody else."

“Sea level rise is not some distant problem in a distant place. As Elizabeth Rush shows, it’s affecting real people right now. Rising is a compelling piece of reporting, by turns bleak and beautiful.” ― Elizabeth Kolbert, author of The Sixth Extinction

“A smart, lyrical testament to change and uncertainty. Elizabeth Rush listens to both the vulnerability and resiliency of communities facing the shifting shorelines of extreme weather. These are the stories we need to hear in order to survive and live more consciously with a sharp-edged determination to face our future with empathy and resolve. Rising illustrates how climate change is a relentless truth and real people in real places know it by name, storm by flood by fire.” ― Terry Tempest Williams, author of The Hour of Land


Read "Rising: Dispatches from the New American Shore"
-- by Elizabeth Rush

Rising.jpg

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Via Tampa Bay Times

Report: 40 percent of Florida property will be ‘highly exposed’ to flooding


One of Florida’s biggest draws is also one if its biggest liabilities — its coastline. A new report projects that Florida is at the greatest risk of any state for tidal flooding caused by rising sea levels. And Tampa Bay faces some of the greatest risk within the Sunshine State.

According to a Monday report by the Union of Concerned Scientists, nearly 40 percent of the state’s property tax base is expected to be "highly exposed" to such flooding within the next 30 years.

By 2045, nearly 64,000 residential properties in the state — worth about $26 billion— are at risk for constant flooding. By 2100, about 1 million properties — worth $351 billion — will be at risk. ("You better hope I’m wrong about flood insurance" -- John Romano / Tampa Bay Times: ) "Once market risk perceptions catch up with reality, the potential drop in Florida’s coastal property values could have reverberations throughout the economy — affecting banks, insurers, investors, and developers — potentially triggering regional housing market crises."


Mapping Sea-level Rise in Florida

Coastal Risk Consultants, which raised $2 million to develop software to evaluate individual parcels for flooding, is on the cusp of profitability, said President Albert Slap.

“I just think as a practical matter, this is something people should do,” said homebuyer Kevin Kennedy, who ordered four reports from Coastal Risk Consulting on Palm Beach County properties along the Intracoastal and on the ocean. “The results discouraged me from purchasing two of them.”


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Underwater: Rising Seas, Chronic Floods, and the Implications for US Coastal Real Estate


Price Reduced.png


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"The "living shoreline" is the best defense against sea-level rise."

-- Jack E. Davis, author of "The Gulf: The Making of An American Sea


Move along Florida-May 2018.png


Follow Hashtag #Resilience on Twitter



Miami

The Water Will Come by Jeff Goodell
Miami Herald / by John Englander / We all have to rise to combat the rising tides
RMS.com / Risk Modeling & Catastrophe / We need to price #climate risk into all decision making


Tampa Bay

Tampa Bay Regional Planning Council / Climate Research
"The Cost of Doing Nothing: Economic Impacts of Sea-Level Rise in the Tampa Bay Area"


Miami sea level rise conf-May2018.jpg


Three newspapers confront one challenge:

Sea-level rise is real, South Florida needs all hands on deck — now


MIAMI HERALD EDITORIAL BOARD

No graver threat faces the future of South Florida than the accelerating pace of sea-level rise. In the past century, the sea has risen 9 inches in Key West. In the past 23 years, it’s risen 3 inches. By 2060, it’s predicted to rise another 2 feet, with no sign of slowing down.

Think about that. Water levels could easily be 2 feet higher in 40 years. And scientists say that’s a conservative estimate. Because of melting ice sheets and how oceans circulate, there’s a chance South Florida’s sea level could be 3 feet higher by 2060 and as much as 8 feet by 2100, according to the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration.

It’s not just a matter of how much land we’re going to lose, though the barrier islands and low-lying communities will be largely uninhabitable once the ocean rises by 3 feet. It’s a matter of what can be saved. And elsewhere, how we’re going to manage the retreat...



Floridian Geography

A shifting, ever-changing coastline/shoreline

Living coastline


Florida, a porous limestone geography, caverns and caves, underground springs and aquifers at risk of salt-water intrusion .....

Florida has more first-magnitude springs than any other state or any other nation in the world .....

Florida is a peninsula that is an ancient sea-bed risen over millions of years, a geology of limestone, a 'karst' landscape
Florida has the longest coastline of the lower 48 states
* http://apalacheehills.com/springs/Springbook/FirstMagnitude.htm


🌎

Subcategories

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