Editing Sea-Level Rise

__notoc__


::::<small>[http://southeastfloridaclimatecompact.org/wp-content/uploads/2015/10/2015-Compact-Unified-Sea-Level-Rise-Projection.pdf ''Unified Sea-Level Rise Projection, Southeast Florida'']</small>

[[File:Unified sea level rise - Southeast Florida.jpg]]


[https://climate.nasa.gov/vital-signs/sea-level/ <small>''"Vital Signs" / Sea Level / NASA''</small>]

[http://www.columbia.edu/~mhs119/SeaLevel/ <small>''Sea-Level Change Over Time''</small>]


<big><big>'''September 2019'''</big></big>


''''' 'Brace yourselves' for Sea-Level Rise'''''

* https://www.bbc.com/news/science-environment-49483580


''''''Superstorms' and Sea-Level Rise'''''

* https://www.independent.co.uk/environment/climate-crisis-sea-level-rise-un-ipcc-report-global-warming-a9083891.html


<big><big>'''August 2019'''</big></big>


''Thursday, the U.S. House Select Committee on the Climate Crisis invited experts to Capitol Hill to provide business perspectives on climate change costs.''

''Committee Chairwoman Kathy Castor, D-Fla., mentioned insurance companies paid out $100 billion in 2017 for losses related to climate impacts.''

''“This is important because for years, big businesses ignored the climate crisis,” Castor said. “Some even actively promoted climate denial. Some still do. But increasingly — with the help of experts who measure growing economic risks, with the help of scientists, and shareholder activists — businesses not only recognize the growing economic harm of the climate crisis, but they recognize that we can solve it and create new opportunities, industries and jobs in doing so.''

''“Recognizing the risks, investors are getting out of fossil fuels. They’re looking at opportunities to create the next wave of clean energy and clean transportation technology. They’re building the clean energy economy because that must be the future.”''

Ranking Member Garret Graves, R-La., agreed.

''“This is a key issue that we must aggressively address,” Graves said. “Let’s be clear — the status quo, what we have done historically for decades is absolutely inappropriate. It doesn’t properly prioritize, it is not the process that responds to the urgency that we’re facing. As you well know, we can reduce, as we’ve had witness after witness testify before this committee, we could cut all emissions from the United States today, every bit of emissions, and we’re going to continue to see changes in our weather. We’re going to continue to see seas rise.”''



<big><big>'''July 2019'''</big></big>


[[File:CO2 since 1751.png]]

&nbsp; 


[https://www.ewg.org/release/trump-touts-fictitious-environmental-record ''July 8, 2019 / Trump touts his fictitious environmental record'']

<small>''Environmental Working Group: “The spectacle of the president straining to document a positive environmental record should be seen for what it is – utter fantasy."''</small> 


[https://www.nytimes.com/2019/07/08/us/politics/trump-environment-climate-change.html <big>''A Fictitious Speech''</big>]

''Experts watching [https://www.greenpolicy360.net/w/File:Trump_touts_himself_as_an_environment_president.jpg the speech] said many of the president’s claims were not based in fact. Those achievements that were real, they said, were the result of actions taken by his predecessors. And they noted the one conspicuous omission from the whole discussion: any mention of climate change, the overarching environmental threat that Mr. Trump has mocked in the past.''



<big><big>'''June 2019'''</big></big>


'''GreenPolicy360''': As the US Democratic Party presidential candidates gather in Miami in our terrestrial home state of Florida, GreenPolicy asked earlier about the 2016 debates... During all the pres debates, a [https://grist.org/election-2016/climate-airtime-presidential-debate/ '''climate change question was asked of the candidates, what, once?'''] 

Tonight the Dems start the presidential campaign debate. Climate question is now central, even as the current US president denies (and derides) the [https://www.greenpolicy360.net/w/New_Definitions_of_National_Security  '''national/global security challenges and climate crisis'''], the big picture, existential questions and the impacts at the national/state and local levels. 


[https://www.greenpolicy360.net/w/File:Climate_debate.jpg ''More about the Democratic Party presidential debates here'']


In Miami, the scene of tonight and tomorrow's debate, the consequences of sea level rise are VERY real already. Florida is on the frontlines of climate change and for many years GreenPolicy360 has been calling out a warning and delivering the [https://www.greenpolicy360.net/w/Earth_Science_Vital_Signs '''hard science, evidence and facts'''.]   

&nbsp;  

<big><big>'''''Democratic Party Presidential Candidates Debate in Miami'''''</big></big>


[https://www.nytimes.com/2019/06/24/us/miami-democratic-debates.html ''Via the NY Times''] / ''No question is of more critical importance to Florida’s future, or to the Democrats’ chance to take the state in next year’s presidential election. It is so important that some activists had hoped that climate change would be the sole focus when 20 Democrats take the debate stage for the first time in this campaign on Wednesday and Thursday in downtown Miami.''

''Climate change is now among the top three 2020 election issues cited by Florida Democrats, according to a new statewide survey. Some 71 percent of Florida voters, including 85 percent of Democrats, support government action to address climate change, according to the survey by Climate Nexus in partnership with the Yale Program on Climate Change Communication and the George Mason University Center for Climate Change Communication, which polled 1,558 registered Florida voters online this month...''


[https://www.cnn.com/2019/06/26/politics/democratic-presidential-debates-florida-climate-change/index.html ''Via CNN''] / ''All of Miami Beach is low-lying, but parts are just a foot or two above sea level, making it prone to flooding during storms and extreme high tides, according to Miami Beach City Manager Jimmy Morales. Add the estimated 9 inches that sea levels have risen in the region in the past 100 years, and you have a recipe for costly flooding.'' 

''Then there is the problem of the very ground on which Miami Beach and much of South Florida sits. Made from the remnants of ancient coral reefs, the porous limestone beneath the region is not unlike Swiss cheese, with natural underground "pipes" that allow water to bubble up to the surface...''


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<big>'''''Prep Now for Storm Surge, Flooding, Sea-level Rise'''''</big>

'''GreenPolicy360 initiates "Living Coastline, Living Shoreline Resilience" campaign'''


Over the years, we have encouraged many ideas that have proven over time to provide effective solutions and "green best practices". In Florida for example, the terrestrial home base of GreenPolicy360, we have focused on the work of Jack E. Davis, author of the Pulitzer prize-winning book, The Gulf, and his sage advice:

<small>''"The [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Living_shorelines 'living shoreline'] is the best defense against sea-level rise."''</small>

<small>''-- Jack E. Davis, author of [https://www.amazon.com/Gulf-Making-American-Sea/dp/087140866X/ "The Gulf: The Making of An American Sea]''</small> 


'''Design principals of #resilience'''  

GreenPolicy360 and green best practices, case studies and models, we're about making a positive difference. Sea-level rise is a threatening challenge and we are beginning to prepare NOW. 

The recent visit to Florida by Dutch engineering ambassador, [https://twitter.com/henkovink Henk Ovink], provides many solutions to Florida with its highly vulnerable coastal geography and porous limestone geology. Perhaps a "Think like the Dutch" motto, given the country's centuries of below sea-level experience, should be a beginning of a statewide education campaign. Although some politicians continue attempting to deny the reality, Florida is on the frontlines of global climate change and the cost of denial is, in a harsh reality, unacceptable. 

○

California is a global leader in environmental  initiatives, with many front-of-market solutions that are models designed for forward-looking communities. In alignment with GreenPolicy360's '''"Living Coastline, Living Shoreline Resilience" campaign''', the San Francisco Bay areas living levee is a case study in smart planning.


'''''Green Infrastructure for Rising Sea Levels - The Oro Loma Project'''''

''It’s time we “start to think of our natural systems as this incredibly valuable technology,” according to Letitia Grenier, a conservation biologist who directs the Resilient Landscapes Program at the nonprofit San Francisco Estuary Institute. She says vegetation can be a better flood barrier than hard infrastructure.'' 


'''''Natural infrastructure, effective, resilient, smart...'''''


• https://www.marketplace.org/shows/marketplace-tech/nature-the-next-big-thing-in-climate-adaptation-technology/

• https://youtu.be/Ecj81mkD-cA


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<big><big>'''''Sea Walls?'''''</big></big>

<big>''Florida could face $76 billion in climate change costs by 2040, report says''</big>

• ''https://www.tampabay.com/florida-politics/buzz/2019/06/20/florida-could-face-76-billion-in-climate-change-costs-by-2040-report-says/''


[http://www.igsd.org/initiatives/the-center-for-climate-integrity/ '''''The Center for Climate Integrity''''']

''"It is not just seawalls that should or are being considered as part of an effective sea level rise strategy"''


'''''At What Point Managed Retreat? Resilience Building in the Coastal Zone'''''

• ''https://twitter.com/search?q=%23ManagedRetreatCU2019&src=typd''


[http://adaptation.ei.columbia.edu/conference/at-what-point-managed-retreat-conference/ '''''Climate Adaptation Initiative''''']

• ''http://www.climatecosts2040.org/''


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[https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2017/06/15/world/europe/climate-change-rotterdam.html '''''The Dutch Have Solutions to Rising Seas. The World Is Watching.''''']


''Preparing now for profound change and the coming storm is more than smart planning -- preparing now is critical to protecting and preserving life as we know it.'' 


: ''http://floridalivingshorelines.com/what-is-a-livingshoreline''

: ''https://floridadep.gov/rcp/rcp/content/floridas-mangroves''

: ''https://www.wunderground.com/prepare/storm-surge''

: ''http://blogs.edf.org/growingreturns/2018/04/12/coastal-communities-resilience-storm-hurricane-flooding''

: ''https://www.esri.com/about/newsroom/arcwatch/preparing-coastal-areas-for-the-coming-storms''

: ''https://www.flseagrant.org/florida-living-shorelines''


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<big>'''''What happens in the North doesn't stay in the North'''''</big>

: ''https://www.greenpolicy360.net/w/Category:Arctic''


[[File:Arctic-100 yrs difference.jpg]]


&nbsp;

<big>'''''What happens in the South doesn't stay in the South'''''</big>


[[File:Ice loss West Antarctica 1992-2019.jpg]]


<big><big>'''May 2019'''</big></big>


[https://www.tampabay.com/environment/heres-what-the-tampa-bay-region-has-to-learn-about-climate-change-from-the-netherlands-20190523/ <big>'''''Henk Ovink, the Netherlands Roving Water Ambassador Visits Tampa Bay and Florida officials'''''</big>]

'''''Tampa Bay, identified in a series of scientific studies as one of the most vulnerable regions exposed to sea-level rise and extreme weather/hurricane disasters'''''

''Florida on the front lines of risk (as the insurance industry increasingly warns) and having weathered eight years of a governor who literally denied 'climate change' as a real-world threat to Florida's citizens, communities, businesses and future, now attempts to re-think its environmental-economic security horizon''

''Florida hires first-ever chief science officer -- https://www.sun-sentinel.com/news/florida/fl-ne-florida-science-officer-20190401-story.html

''Florida hires first-ever chief resilience officer -- https://floridapolitics.com/archives/295872-ron-desantis-tackling-climate-change-with-chief-resilience-officer''


May 22 / Thank you Florida activists (thinking of [https://cleanenergy.org/blog/susan-glickman-florida-500/ Susan Glickman] of CleanEnergy Florida) and forward-looking office holders (thinking of Pinellas County Commissioner [http://www.pinellascounty.org/commission/long.htm Janet Long]) for bringing one of the most knowledgeable experts on water/floods/planning and engineering, Henk Ovink, to meet with Florida's new chief science officer and chief resilience officer, and to share data and talk climate change crisis and real-world risks with local Floridians. For centuries the Dutch have been on the front lines of water management as much of their country is below sea level (remembering the story of [https://www.resilience.org/stories/2013-10-01/fingers-in-the-dike/ the kid with the finger in the dike].) Key learnings and best practices need to be shared, with eye-opening  and mind-opening facts and warnings. Henk is on the road to knock on doors and issue [https://twitter.com/henkovink/status/1131187610918035456 wake up calls], the time for denial is over, it's time to get up and get going -- “We must wake up the ignorant, the unconscious, wake them up, knock them on their heads, we need them all!”   


The Tampa Bay Times [https://www.tampabay.com/environment/heres-what-the-tampa-bay-region-has-to-learn-about-climate-change-from-the-netherlands-20190523 features] Henk Ovink's presentation on May 22nd as the global 'ambassador-envoy', a whirlwind of energy in motion, as Henk rushes from Florida's state capitol to Miami and many meetings and information rich briefings with [https://twitter.com/NLinMiami/status/1131311314431807488 local political figures]. A knowledge-based sharing platform is next up. The take away? It's time for citizen action...


[[File:Ovink 3a.jpg]]

<small>May 22 / Global envoy Henk Ovink talks of a climate future in Clearwater, Florida. A half-filled conference room at the Carillon Hilton reveals lack of public awareness.</small>



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[https://www.nola.com/opinions/2019/05/attention-louisiana-climate-deniers-insurers-say-climate-change-now-biggest-risk.html '''''Oh Louisiana, day by day (actuarially)'''''] 

:: ''Attention Louisiana climate deniers: Insurers say climate change now biggest risk''


''History is full of moments when communities facing an existential challenge have two fates.''

''They are saved by courageous leaders who ignore personal risks to show the way. Or they become examples of disastrous, life-ending choices.''

''Climate change has clearly placed Louisiana at one of those crisis points. But, so far, we have chosen that second course and are barreling toward disaster just a few decades away...''

• ''https://www.nola.com/opinions/2019/05/attention-louisiana-climate-deniers-insurers-say-climate-change-now-biggest-risk.html'' 

• ''http://coastal.la.gov/wp-content/uploads/2017/04/2017-Coastal-Master-Plan_Web-Book_CFinal-with-Effective-Date-06092017.pdf''


[[File:Louisiana sea level rise risks.jpg]]


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[http://www.tampabay.com/environment/a-group-of-scientists-just-presented-updated-sea-level-rise-projections-to-tampa-bay-politicians-heres-what-they-say-20190514/ '''''Tampa Bay on the Edge: Exposed to the Tides''''']

''The Tampa Bay Climate Science Advisory Panel, a group of climate scientists that formed in 2014, presented its findings to a Tampa Bay Regional Planning Council committee Monday (May 13). They found that the region is likely to face between 1.9 and 8.5 feet of sea level rise by the year 2100...''


[https://www.citylab.com/life/2019/05/miami-fl-portes-global-edge-book-interview-climate-chang/588460/ '''''Miami on the Edge: Miami in the 21st Century''''']


'''''CityLab:What about the elephant in the room: climate change and sea-level rise? We hear about it all the time, yet developers keep building and people keep moving to Miami.'''''

''Alejandro Portes: Last year, I took a trip along I-95 and counted about 40 building cranes, all around Biscayne Bay right by the water. This is a consequence of the growth machine of real estate capital that refuses to believe that anything serious is going to happen. The general conviction among developers is that someone will come up with a solution because it would be impossible for a city of this size to disappear.''

''The fact of the matter is that the ocean is rising. That's undeniable, that's a done deal. And, the process is surprisingly fast paced: the anticipations of things that were supposed to happen in 2050 are now expected to become reality by 2025.''

''Two things that have happened recently: The city of Miami passed a $400 million-dollar “Miami Forever” bond to find ways to defend the city against flooding and sea level rise. They’ve also brought in experts from the Netherlands, the best-known example of how to cope with sea level rise and how to live near water. And those experts pronounced Miami a very dangerous place because it is difficult to build seawalls when your subsoil is limestone. The expected timeline of serious things to happen in this area is 50 to 100 years.''


[https://www.weforum.org/agenda/2018/11/coastal-cities-consider-waterfront-parks-over-sea-walls-to-combat-flooding '''''Resilient Waterfront Parks or Sea Walls?'''''] 


[https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2014/feb/16/flooding-netherlands '''''The 'Dutch Approach' to Flooding''''']

''With more than half the country at or below sea level, the Dutch are experts on water management...'' 

&nbsp;

<big><big>'''April 2019'''</big></big>


<big>'''''Oceanographer Travels to England to Lecture at Font of Science'''''</big>

[https://m.youtube.com/watch?v=MvqY2NcBWI8&feature=player_embedded '''''Sea Level Rise Can No Longer Be Stopped, What Next? - Video Presentation with John Englander''''' ''(Rated 4 Stars by GreenPolicy360)'']


<big>'''''Via MIT / Climate Apocalypse'''''</big>

''The bad news is that our slow-motion ecological catastrophe demands new ways of thinking. The good news? We’ve faced the end of the world before.''

* https://www.technologyreview.com/s/613343/lessons-from-a-genocide-can-prepare-humanity-for-climate-apocalypse 


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[https://www.bloomberg.com/graphics/2018-amtrak-sea-level/ '''Amtrak's Northeast Rail Transportation Corridor: Inundated, Disrupted, Flooded]

''Amtrak’s Northeast Corridor route, which carries 12 million people each year between Boston and Washington, faces “continual inundation.” Flooding, rising seas, and storm surge threaten to erode the track bed and knock out the signals that direct train traffic. The poles that provide electricity for trains are at risk of collapse, even as power substations succumb to floodwaters. “If one of the segments of track shuts down, it will shut down this segment of the NEC,” warned members of Amtrak’s planning staff. “There is not an alternate route that can be used as a detour.”''


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<big><big>Miami Beach, An Uncertain Future / NPR</big></big>

[[File:Diane Walder in Miami Beach.jpg]]



''"We’ve built nearly two thirds of the world’s biggest cities within just a meter or so of sea level, which today is rising at nearly twice the rate of only 25 years ago."''  -- Katharine Hayhoe, Professor, Texas Tech


* https://www.nationalgeographic.com/environment/2019/04/world-mountain-glaciers-melting-sea-level-rise/


<big><big>'''March 2019'''</big></big>


<big>'''''[http://citizeneyes.org/app/ 'Eyes on the Rise']</big>

:'''''How many feet above sea level is your home?'''''

:: [https://apnews.com/440839f7f98841acb28120f526fdf118 ''Southeast Florida... for sale signs of the times'']


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[[File:Acting on Climate Change.png]]


[https://www.floridaphoenix.com/blog/u-s-rep-kathy-castor-hopes-to-push-gov-desantis-on-climate-change/ '''Climate resiliency, sea-level rise planning in Florida led by Rep. Kathy Castor''']

: New governor DeSantis touts his forward-looking vision on water, the environment, and future planning. Florida is one of a minority of states in the country that has not established any renewable energy goals.


:• https://www.myfloridahouse.gov/Sections/Bills/billsdetail.aspx?BillId=66193


[https://castor.house.gov/news/documentsingle.aspx?DocumentID=398852 '''New chair of the US House Select Committee on the Climate Crisis] urges Florida Gov to act on climate'''

: After years of inaction and climate risks denial, former Governor Scott moves to Washington DC. Florida votes for a change...


:• https://www.floridaphoenix.com/blog/u-s-rep-kathy-castor-hopes-to-push-gov-desantis-on-climate-change/

 
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[https://news.yahoo.com/amphtml/its-over-miami-beach-tries-to-outrace-climate-change-and-the-rising-seas-160000886.html <big>'You're going to get people upset'</big>]


'''Ides of March, Foreshadowing Tides to Come'''


[[File:From a Florida friend.jpg]]


<big>'''Tampa Bay's 'bulls-eye' exposure, time for resiliency planning'''</big>

[http://www.tampabay.com/florida/2019/03/18/will-tampa-bay-be-under-water-in-100-years-rising-seas-tell-a-frightening-story/ '''After years of denying and ignoring the risks, it's time for Tampa Bay to prepare''']


[https://www.propublica.org/article/development-and-disasters-a-deadly-combination-well-beyond-houston ''Andrew Revkin / Scientists warn of expanding “bull’s-eyes”'']

''Alexis Muellner  – Editor, Tampa Bay Business Journal / January 2019 / Late last year, 22 local governments joined to form the Tampa Bay Regional Resiliency Coalition. It is an initiative of the [http://www.tbrpc.org/ Tampa Bay Regional Planning Council] which envisions municipalities working together to develop the region’s first Regional Resiliency Plan...''


• ''https://www.tampabay.com/opinion/columns/column-tampa-bay-communities-prioritize-resiliency-20181005''


&nbsp;

<big><big>'''February 2019'''</big></big>


[https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2019/feb/15/florida-climate-change-coastal-real-estate-rising-seas '''''Via The Guardian / She flew into Miami in early December''''']

''Can't humans see the writing on the wall? Real estate in Florida: Given the forecasts, why are people still building new condominiums?''

''People tend to respond to immediate threats and financial consequences – and Florida’s coastal real estate may be on the cusp of delivering that harsh wake-up call.''


<big>'''''C40 Cities around the World -- Time to Prepare'''''</big>

'''''Summary of C40 Sea-level Rise Report'''''

: ''https://www.c40.org/other/the-future-we-don-t-want-staying-afloat-the-urban-response-to-sea-level-rise''


* ''By 2050, over 570 low-lying coastal cities will face projected sea level rise by at least 0.5 meters.''
    
* ''This puts over 800 million people at risk from the impacts of rising seas and storm surges.''
    
* ''The global economic costs to cities, from rising seas and flooding, could amount to $1 trillion by mid-century.''
    
* ''Local factors mean that cities will experience sea level rise at different paces. Cities on the east coast of the United States, along with major cities in Asia, are particularly vulnerable.''
    
* ''Sea level rise and flooding can impact essential services such as energy, transport, and health. When Hurricane Sandy struck New York in 2012, coastal floods impacted an estimated 90,000 buildings, 2 million people lost power, which caused extensive damage and disrupted commercial activity to a cost of over $19 billion.''
    
* ''Resilience strategies, strengthened coastal protection, upgrades to existing buildings and infrastructure, relocation from the most at-risk areas as well as community engagement and preparedness can help cities adapt to sea level rise and coastal flooding.''


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[https://grist.org/article/dont-mean-to-alarm-you-but-theres-a-big-hole-in-the-worlds-most-important-glacier/ <big>'''''Don't Mean to Alarm You, but ...'''''</big>]

''Via Grist / The melting of the [https://www.greenpolicy360.net/w/Category:Antarctica Thwaites glacier] could lead to as much as 10 feet of sea level rise over the next century or so. If we’re unlucky, much of that could happen the lifetimes of people alive today, flooding every coastal city on Earth and potentially grinding civilization to a halt.''


''IceBridge / Operation IceBridge'' - https://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/icebridge/index.html --- https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_IceBridge 

''“Understanding the details of how the ocean melts away this glacier is essential to project its impact on sea level rise in the coming decades,” scientists said in a [https://www.jpl.nasa.gov/news/news.php?feature=7322 JPL/NASA statement]... "Thanks to a new generation of satellites, we can finally see the detail.”''


• ''https://www.greenpolicy360.net/w/Earth_Right_Now''

• ''https://www.greenpolicy360.net/w/Earth_Science_Vital_Signs''

• ''https://www.greenpolicy360.net/w/Earth_and_Space,_Politics''

• ''https://www.greenpolicy360.net/w/Earth_Science_Research_from_Space''


&nbsp;

<big><big>'''January 2019'''</big></big>


[https://www.sciencealert.com/antarctic-ice-loss-is-already-happening-a-shocking-six-times-faster-than-in-the-1970s/amp ''Antarctic ice loss, btw, six times faster than in the 1970s'']

[https://www.weforum.org/agenda/2018/06/satellite-images-show-antarctica-s-ice-melt-rapidly-increasing ''Antarctica, a primary source of sea-level rise'']


[https://www.miamiherald.com/opinion/editorials/article224405100.html '''''New Florida Governor Acknowledges Threat of Sea-level Rise in Turnabout from the Previous Governor's Outright Denial''''']

''Florida, one of the lowest lying and most vulnerable states in the United States, begins to seriously look at sea-level rise.'' 


'''''Southeast Florida, Advancing Resilience Solutions Through Regional Action''''' 

[http://www.southeastfloridaclimatecompact.org/ Southeast Florida Regional Compact Climate Change]



<big>'''''And in Australia...'''''</big>

• [https://www.theage.com.au/national/victoria/oceans-rising-can-we-save-our-collapsing-coastline-20190111-p50qvy.html ''Via The Age/Australia ... Skeptics will scoff but Sea-level rise is real'']


<big>'''''And in the United States...'''''</big> ''climate skeptics and deniers continue attempting to block disaster preparation as local governments form resiliency coalitions to prepare and protect their communities''

• [https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/2019/01/03/ignored-trump-local-officials-preparing-climate-change/2306310002/ ''Via USA Today / Without Trump Local U.S. Officials are Preparing for Climate Change'']


''"We need to stop making the old mistakes in local development that expose homes and businesses to risks that only become apparent when disaster strikes."'' 

''To paraphrase the old saying, an ounce of preparation is worth a pound of cure."''


• [https://www.propublica.org/article/development-and-disasters-a-deadly-combination-well-beyond-houston ''Via Andy Revkin / ProPublica - Development and Disasters: "Expanded Bull's-Eyes"'']

[http://chubasco.niu.edu/ebe.htm ''"Expanding Bull's-Eye Effect"'']


''What is the expanding '''bull's eye effect'''? “Targets” of geophysical hazards — i.e., humans and their possessions — are enlarging as populations grow and spread... it is how the population and built environment are distributed across the landscape that defines how the fundamental components of risk and vulnerability are realized in a disaster... the upward trend in disasters is predicated on increasing exposure and vulnerability of populations. 


<big><big>'''December 2018'''</big></big>


[http://www.dailycamera.com/science_environment/ci_32304333/boulder-scientists-uneven-sea-level-rise-climate-change <big>'''See the Sea-level Rise'''</big>]

''"We now have a new tool — long-term satellite altimeter measurements — that we can use to help stakeholders who need information for specific locations," Nerem, a fellow of CU's Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences and a professor of aerospace engineering, said in a statement.''

''The scientists turned to two sets of climate model runs, known as "large ensembles," to probe the role of climate change, one created by using the NCAR-based Community Earth System Model and one created using the Earth System Model at the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration...'' 

• ''http://www.pnas.org/content/early/2018/11/26/1813233115''


<big><big>'''November 2018'''</big></big>


[http://www.tampabay.com/news/breaking/new-climate-report-warns-of-more-rain-hurricanes-and-flooding-in-florida-and-elsewhere-20181123/ <big>'''Via the Tampa Bay Times / U.S. Climate Report Puts Florida at High Risk / Stark Consequences Predicated for the Nation and World'''</big>]

''Four years ago, federal officials published a report that labeled the Tampa Bay area as one area in Florida particularly vulnerable to rising sea levels. The report, the Third National Climate Assessment, also warned of increases in harmful algae blooms off Florida's coast, worsening seasonal allergies for people already made miserable by springtime pollen and heavier rainstorms and flooding in low-lying areas.''

''On Friday (Nov.23) federal officials released their Fourth National Climate Assessment, which over the course of 1,000 pages looks at how climate change is already disrupting life in the United States — with more hurricanes, wildfires, heat waves and other disasters — and what communities are doing to deal with it.''

''The report — produced by 300 scientists, many from 13 federal departments and agencies, and overseen by the U.S. Global Change Research Program — warns that humans must take action now “to avoid substantial damages to the U.S. economy, environment, and human health and well-being over the coming decades.”''

''Rising sea levels, particularly in Florida, mean greater damage from storm surges during hurricanes such as Hurricanes Michael and Irma. An insurance industry group has ranked the Tampa Bay region as the most vulnerable metropolitan area in the United States to storm surge, with $175 billion in potential losses.''

''Florida's long history of building along the coastline puts much of its property at risk. While the report does not refer to Tampa Bay's vulnerability, it does point out that "Florida alone is estimated to have a 1-in-20 chance of having more than $346 billion (in 2011 dollars) in property value ... below average sea level by 2100."''

''Rising sea levels can damage roads, homes, sewers and the power grid. For instance, the report notes that under one sea-level-rise scenario, the number of major power plant substations in Florida that would be exposed to flooding from a Category 3 storm "could more than double by 2050 and triple by 2070."''


<big> '''''More at <u>[[Climate News]]</u>'''''</big>



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[[File:Venice flooding.png|link=http://www.bu.edu/bostonia/fall14/lessons-from-venice/]]


<big><big>'''''Lessons from Venice'''''</big></big>

* http://www.bu.edu/bostonia/fall14/lessons-from-venice/


''Venice is one of the first major cities to go to war against a sea swelled by climate change. Its strategy is a model for dozens of cities around the world...'' 


○


<big><big>'''October 2018'''</big></big>


[http://www.tampabay.com/opinion/columns/column-tampa-bay-communities-prioritize-resiliency-20181005/ '''''To Prioritize 'Resiliency'''''' -- ''or cruise along steered by climate change denying Florida and U.S. politics'']

* [https://news.nationalgeographic.com/2017/03/how-trump-is-changing-science-environment/ '''''Cumulative list of Trump administration reversals of environmental policy''''' / ''Via National Geographic'']


* '''''Tampa/St. Petersburg metropolitan area ... the most vulnerable in the country to hurricane storm surge'''''


''Last year, the Tampa-St.Petersburg-Clearwater metro area’s economy ranked second in the state and 24th in the nation, with an output of $148.6 billion, according to an annual report for the U.S. Conference of Mayors. But the Tampa Bay area could lose $175 billion as a result of storm surge flooding from a major hurricane, according to Boston-based firm Karen Clark and Co. In 2015, the firm ranked the Tampa/St. Petersburg metropolitan area as the most vulnerable in the country to hurricane storm surge. That same year, the Tampa Bay Climate Science Advisory Panel estimated that sea levels in Tampa Bay could rise nearly two feet by 2100.''



<big>'''''As bad as you think climate change might be in the coming decades'''''</big>

:<big>'''''Reality could be far worse...'''''</big>  

:*[https://www.rollingstone.com/politics/politics-news/climate-change-sea-level-rise-737012/ ''Exaggeration by Enviros? Or Get Ready, Worse Is on the Way'']

:*[https://vimeo.com/292991175 ''National Climate Seminar / Warnings --- (Vimeo Video)''] [https://www.geosc.psu.edu/academic-faculty/alley-richard Richard Alley / Scientist-Sea level Rise-Cryosphere]

:*[http://www.climatecentral.org/news/rising-tides-near-daily-flooding-americas-shorelines-21935 ''Miami's "King Tides": Harbinger of Things to Come'']


·················································


<big><big>'''September 2018 / August 2018'''</big></big>


:[https://cleantechnica.com/2018/09/18/miamis-existence-is-threatened-with-as-little-as-18-of-sea-level-rise/ <big>'''Oh Miami... then there's 'sponge rock' down below'''</big>]


[[File:Florida drinking water and sea level rise - craig-aug2018.png|link=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/features/2018-08-29/miami-s-other-water-problem]]

&nbsp;
:···········································


[https://www.mypalmbeachpost.com/news/local/retrofit-retreat-candidates-give-their-solutions-sea-level-rise/Uz0YRpXj4Uf0JEiEPxClxK/  <big><big>'''''South Florida: Retrofit or Retreat?'''''</big></big>]

''"The drive on A1A from Fort Lauderdale to Miami is so thick with development that one is fortunate to catch an occasional glimpse of the ocean between the condos."''


'''''Miami Will Be Underwater Soon. Its Drinking Water Could Go First'''''

:''Via Bloomberg Businessweek / August 30, 2018''

* ''https://www.bloomberg.com/news/features/2018-08-29/miami-s-other-water-problem'' 


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[https://blog.ucsusa.org/kristy-dahl/sea-level-rise-coastal-congressional-districts-interactive-map <big>'''''Sea-Level Rise Interactive Map / U.S. Coastal Areas by Political District'''''</big>]

* ''https://ucsusa.maps.arcgis.com/apps/MapJournal/index.html?appid=b53e9dd7a85a44488466e1a38de87601''


[https://floodiq.com <big>'''''FloodiQ.com'''''</big>]

''Check out this online tool to see how sea-level rise will impact your flood risk. 


···························································································


[http://www.tampabay.com/opinion/columns/Column-A-Tampa-Bay-approach-to-make-region-more-resilient-against-flooding-storms_170163139 <big>'''''Tampa Bay, Florida plans for flooding, storms'''''</big>]

* [http://www.tampabay.com/news/environment/FEMA-rolling-out-new-flood-zone-maps-for-Tampa-Bay-counties_172099429 ''Update: FEMA rolling out new flood zone maps for Tampa Bay counties'']


''In 2015, local scientists predicted that sea levels in Tampa Bay will rise between six inches and more than two feet by the middle of the century. The City of Tampa was also ranked by a firm that creates models for the insurance industry as the most vulnerable metropolitan area in the United States to storm surge, with $175 billion in potential losses.'' 

''Two years later, the Tampa Bay Regional Planning Council studied the economic impacts of sea level rise using Geographic Information Systems, property records and employment data. They found that year-round flooding could have as much as a $162 billion impact on the regional economy.''

''It’s plain to see that it’s time for action. As sea levels rise, we can expect to see greater storm surge, more intense rain events and an increase in hurricane intensity.''

''... an effort is under way in our region to bring local governments together to develop a '''Tampa Bay Regional Resiliency Coalition.'''''


··············································································


'''The NFIP, the National Flood Insurance Program, is in crisis'''

''The program is $20 billion in the red even after debt forgiveness from Congress, which vows to fix these problems—some other time. The program has been renewed 41 times since 1998, 38 times with no changes, and six times in the past year. Congress once passed reforms to rationalize premiums that aren’t priced properly but quickly repealed them.''

[https://www.wsj.com/amp/articles/hurricane-scalise-1532127737 End the US National Flood Insurance Program]? Extend it? Reform it? Move it to real-world, risk-based rates?

* and/or accelerate sea-level, flood mitigation efforts now, limit risky coastal construction, and act to restore natural floodplains (a "living coast, living shoreline" as Jack Davis, author of  [https://www.greenpolicy360.net/w/File:The_Gulf.jpg The Gulf] explains)...

* or ... begin to planning now based on risk analysis of the future along the sea/ocean/bays, coasts, waterfronts, riversides, wetlands and lowlands ...

* and, to be real about actuarial risks, as insurance companies are prepare actuarial projections of costs to be incurred and insurance rates rise, how about looking in the eyes of climate change deniers, politicians, political contributors with self-serving agendas who set aside costs to the public, the commons, the general welfare -- and call out the deniers for the damage their points of view are accruing, day by day, month by month, year by year ...


·····························································································


[[File:Elizabeth Rush.jpg]]


<big>'''''Rising Seas by Elizabeth Rush: [https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2018/jun/26/rising-seas-florida-climate-change-elizabeth-rush 'Florida is about to be ... transformed in the coming years' ''''']</big>

''"Take the six million people who live in south Florida today and divide them into two groups: those who live less than six and a half feet above the current high tide line, and everybody else."''

''“Sea level rise is not some distant problem in a distant place. As Elizabeth Rush shows, it’s affecting real people right now. Rising is a compelling piece of reporting, by turns bleak and beautiful.” ― Elizabeth Kolbert, author of The Sixth Extinction''

''“A smart, lyrical testament to change and uncertainty. Elizabeth Rush listens to both the vulnerability and resiliency of communities facing the shifting shorelines of extreme weather. These are the stories we need to hear in order to survive and live more consciously with a sharp-edged determination to face our future with empathy and resolve. Rising illustrates how climate change is a relentless truth and real people in real places know it by name, storm by flood by fire.” ― Terry Tempest Williams, author of The Hour of Land''


:''Read [https://www.amazon.com/Rising-Dispatches-New-American-Shore/dp/1571313672/ref=sr_1_1?ie=UTF8&qid=1530039912&sr=8-1&keywords=rising+by+elizabeth+rush '''"Rising: Dispatches from the New American Shore"''']'' 


[[File:Rising.jpg]]

• [https://www.nationalgeographic.com/environment/2019/03/watching-thwaites-glacier-calving-antarctica/ ''Via National Geographic / Watching Thwaites Glacier Up Close and Personal by Elizabeth Rush'']

'''''The Thwaites Glacier is often considered one of the most important when it comes to changes in sea level, but it has been little studied.'''''



<big>·························</big>


''Via Tampa Bay Times''

[http://www.tampabay.com/news/business/realestate/Report-40-percent-of-Florida-property-will-be-highly-exposed-to-flooding-_169254238 '''''Report: 40 percent of Florida property will be ‘highly exposed’ to flooding''''']


''One of Florida’s biggest draws is also one if its biggest liabilities — its coastline. A new report projects that Florida is at the greatest risk of any state for tidal flooding caused by rising sea levels. And Tampa Bay faces some of the greatest risk within the Sunshine State.''

''According to a report by the Union of Concerned Scientists, nearly 40 percent of the state’s property tax base is expected to be "highly exposed" to such flooding within the next 30 years.''

''By 2045, nearly 64,000 residential properties in the state — worth about $26 billion— are at risk for constant flooding. By 2100, about 1 million properties — worth $351 billion — will be at risk.'' ([http://www.tampabay.com/weather/Romano-You-better-hope-I-m-wrong-about-flood-insurance-_169389469 ''"You better hope I’m wrong about flood insurance" -- John Romano / Tampa Bay Times: '']) ''"Once market risk perceptions catch up with reality, the potential drop in Florida’s coastal property values could have reverberations throughout the economy — affecting banks, insurers, investors, and developers — potentially triggering regional housing market crises."


[https://www.mypalmbeachpost.com/weather/hurricanes/company-hopes-cash-mapping-sea-level-rise-for-florida-buyers/Z4wBBiLRtFE6fNzMqqjnVL/ '''''Mapping Sea-level Rise in Florida''''']

''Coastal Risk Consultants, which raised $2 million to develop software to evaluate individual parcels for flooding, is on the cusp of profitability, said President Albert Slap.''

''“I just think as a practical matter, this is something people should do,” said homebuyer Kevin Kennedy, who ordered four reports from Coastal Risk Consulting on Palm Beach County properties along the Intracoastal and on the ocean. “The results discouraged me from purchasing two of them.”''


···································································································


<big>'''''New Buildings in New York City Rise in Flood Zones'''''</big>

[https://www.nytimes.com/2018/07/06/realestate/luxury/new-buildings-rise-in-flood-zones.html?smtyp=cur&smid=tw-nytrealestate ''One in eight new residential units is being built along the riskiest waterfront'']


:···································································································  


[https://www.ucsusa.org/sites/default/files/attach/2018/06/underwater-analysis-full-report.pdf '''''Underwater: Rising Seas, Chronic Floods, and the Implications for US Coastal Real Estate''''']


[[File:Price Reduced.png|link=https://www.ucsusa.org/sites/default/files/attach/2018/06/underwater-analysis-full-report.pdf]]



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[[File:The Gulf.jpg]]


<big><big>'''2018 ... July / June / May'''</big></big>


<small>''"The [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Living_shorelines 'living shoreline'] is the best defense against sea-level rise."''</small>

<small>''-- Jack E. Davis, author of [https://www.amazon.com/Gulf-Making-American-Sea/dp/087140866X/ "The Gulf: The Making of An American Sea]''</small>
 


[[File:Move along Florida-May 2018.png]]


[https://twitter.com/hashtag/resilience?src=hash '''''Follow Hashtag #Resilience on Twitter''''']


*[https://sealevelrise.org/ '''''SeaLevelRise.org''''']
*[https://sealevelrise.org/florida/ '''''Sea-level Rise, Florida''''']
*[https://sealevelrise.org/florida/forecast/?gclid=EAIaIQobChMInuehl5mL2wIVxLXACh21CQixEAAYASAAEgLhc_D_BwE '''''Sea-level Rise, Florida Forecast''''']


'''''Miami'''''

: [https://twitter.com/twitter/statuses/919563595645636610 ''The Water Will Come by Jeff Goodell'']

: [http://www.miamiherald.com/opinion/op-ed/article210870434.html ''Miami Herald / by John Englander / We all have to rise to combat the rising tides'']

: [http://www.rms.com/ ''RMS.com / Risk Modeling & Catastrophe / We need to price #climate risk into all decision making'']


:• ''http://miamiclimatealliance.org/''

:• ''https://www.facebook.com/MiamiClimateAlliance/''


'''''Tampa Bay'''''

: [http://www.tbrpc.org/onebay/CLIMATE_RESEARCH.shtml ''Tampa Bay Regional Planning Council / Climate Research'']

: [http://www.tbrpc.org/council_members/council_presentations/2018/010818/Deshazo_TBRPC_EconImpactOfSLR_010818.pdf ''"The Cost of Doing Nothing: Economic Impacts of Sea-Level Rise in the Tampa Bay Area"''] 


[[File:Miami sea level rise conf-May2018.jpg]]


<big>'''''Three newspapers confront one challenge:'''''</big>
:[http://amp.miamiherald.com/opinion/editorials/article210451219.html '''''Sea-level rise is real, South Florida needs all hands on deck — now''''']


MIAMI HERALD EDITORIAL BOARD

May 04, 2018 


''No graver threat faces the future of South Florida than the accelerating pace of sea-level rise. In the past century, the sea has risen 9 inches in Key West. In the past 23 years, it’s risen 3 inches. By 2060, it’s predicted to rise another 2 feet, with no sign of slowing down.''

''Think about that. Water levels could easily be 2 feet higher in 40 years. And scientists say that’s a conservative estimate. Because of melting ice sheets and how oceans circulate, there’s a chance South Florida’s sea level could be 3 feet higher by 2060 and as much as 8 feet by 2100, according to the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration.''

''It’s not just a matter of how much land we’re going to lose, though the barrier islands and low-lying communities will be largely uninhabitable once the ocean rises by 3 feet. It’s a matter of what can be saved. And elsewhere, how we’re going to manage the retreat...''


* [https://www.nbcnews.com/mach/science/here-s-how-rising-seas-could-swallow-these-coastal-cities-ncna872466 '''''Here's how rising seas could swallow up these coastal cities''''']


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[https://twitter.com/search?q=miami%20sea%20level%20rise&src=typd Twitter / Miami sea level rise]

[[File:Warning, possible flooding, climate change.jpg]]


<big><big>'''April 2018'''</big></big>


<big>'''''Miami / Miami Beach, a Race Against Time'''''</big>

'''''Via Fortune / Wall Street Journal / Real Estate - Climate Change'''''

* [http://fortune.com/2018/04/21/climate-change-is-already-depressing-the-price-of-flood-prone-real-estate/ '''''Climate Change Is Already Depressing the Price of Flood-Prone Real Estate''''']


<big>'''''Rising Sea Levels Reshape Miami’s Housing Market'''''</big>

'''''Properties on the coast now trade at discounts as flood waters and ‘king tides’ damp enthusiasm for oceanfront living.'''''
 
''New research shows that real estate properties in areas affected by extreme weather and sea level rise are losing value relative to less exposed properties. The effects are already substantial, but they may point to a looming collapse as climate change makes coastal communities untenable.''

''Work by Harvard researchers [http://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/1748-9326/aabb32 published last week] and [https://www.wsj.com/articles/climate-fears-reshape-miamis-housing-market-1524225600 highlighted] by the Wall Street Journal finds that, after accounting for an array of other factors, home prices have appreciated more slowly in lower-lying areas of Miami-Dade County, particularly Miami Beach. A broader study using data from Zillow, still under peer review, found that properties exposed to rising sea levels sell at a 7% discount to comparable properties not subject to climate-related risk.''

''As many as 13% of Americans are still convinced climate change isn’t happening at all, and 30% are confident that humans play no role in it. But real estate prices now seem to confirm the chestnut attributed to author Philip K. Dick: “Reality is that which, when you stop believing in it, doesn’t go away.”'' 

○

[https://e360.yale.edu/features/flooding-hot-spots-why-seas-are-rising-faster-on-the-u.s.-east-coast '''''Yale.edu / Why Seas Are Rising Faster on U.S. East Coast''''']

: ''Along the southeastern coast of the U.S., researchers have zeroed in on three factors that have made this shoreline a regional hot spot of sea-level rise. They include a slowing Gulf Stream, shifts in a major North Atlantic weather pattern, and the effects of El Niño climate cycles.''

:'''''“These coastal areas are more vulnerable than they realize to short-term rapid acceleration of sea-level rise,”''' says Andrea Dutton, a University of Florida geologist who studies the history of sea-level fluctuations. “If they’re hanging their hat on sea level rise projections looking at the potential over decades, they need to refocus and think about the potential for short-term variability in that rate.”''

○

[http://www.businessinsider.com/miami-floods-sea-level-rise-solutions-2018-4 '''''Sea-level Rise Now and Tomorrow''''']

:'''''The ground under the cities of South Florida is largely porous limestone, which means water will eventually rise up through it.'''''

::''“Our underlying geology is like Swiss cheese...”''

:::''-- Mayor Philip Levine, [http://www.miamiherald.com/news/politics-government/state-politics/article182033066.html running for Florida Governor]''



<big><big>'''March 2018'''</big></big>


<big>'''''Scientists continue to study the questions that need to be asked'''''</big>

* https://eos.org/research-spotlights/incorporating-physical-processes-into-sea-level-projections

''When projecting future sea levels, scientists have traditionally relied upon physical models and expert assessments to project the polar ice sheets’ response to various emission scenarios. These approaches, however, haven’t taken into account some physical processes that can quickly increase ice sheet discharge, such as the collapse of terminal ice cliffs and the breakup of floating ice shelves caused by a process known as [http://psc.apl.uw.edu/the-influence-of-hydrofracture-and-surface-melt-variability-on-greenland-ice-sheet-flow/ hydrofracturing].''

''Now [http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/2017EF000663/abstract;jsessionid=1B4091E090EE414960062C6ABAE3A4A5.f03t02 Robert Kopp et al.] have integrated both of these processes into a probability-based modeling framework to explore how they could affect future projections of global and local sea level changes. The results indicate that these mechanisms could significantly raise sea level forecasts for high-emission scenarios, including nearly doubling the median projections of 21st century global mean sea level rise by 2100.''


<big><big>'''February / January 2018'''</big></big>

[[File:Sea-level rise flooding map.png | link=http://sealevel.climatecentral.org/]]

<big>'''''Risk Finder & Map'''''</big>
  
''Projections, analysis, comparisons, and downloadable data and local reports''

''Coastal flood and sea level threats to people, property and infrastructure''

''For cities, counties, states, ZIP zones...''


○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○


<big>'''''Protecting America's 'Borders''''''</big>

''Via Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists / by Dawn Stover / January 2018''


''The US-Mexican border is 1,954 miles long. America’s “general” coastline is far longer: 12,479 miles. Measuring the shoreline using smaller-scale charts, and including features such as bays and offshore islands, brings the total to more than 88,000 miles, not including the Great Lakes. The shoreline of Florida alone is more than four times the length of the US-Mexican border.''

''Coastal counties are home to nearly 40 percent of the US population. With the exception of Alaska, these counties are five times as densely populated as the rest of the nation. “If the nation’s coastal counties were an individual country, it would rank third in the world in gross domestic product, surpassed only by the United States and China,” according to the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) Office for Coastal Management.''

''Coastal areas are also the most vulnerable to the impacts of climate change: rising sea level, shoreline erosion, flooding, contaminated drinking water, ocean acidification, harmful algal blooms, coral bleaching, and more. “By 2050, up to $106 billion worth of coastal property will likely be below sea level” if we continue with business as usual, says NOAA. “There is a 1-in-20 chance—twice as likely as an American developing melanoma—that by the end of this century, more than $1 trillion worth of coastal property will be below mean sea level or at risk of it during high tide.”''


<big>'''December 2017'''</big>


* '''''What Will Be Will Be?'''''  [http://grist.org/article/antarctica-doomsday-glaciers-could-flood-coastal-cities/ '''''"Ice Apocalypse"'''''] ''or'' [http://www.rollingstone.com/politics/features/the-doomsday-glacier-w481260 '''''"Doomsday Glacier"?''''']
: [https://www.greenpolicy360.net/w/File:Iceberg_breaks_off_from_Antarctica_photo_from_ESA_July_12,_2017.jpg '''''Icebergia.com''''']


* [http://sealevel.climatecentral.org/ '''''Surging Seas. Find Your Coastal Community and Glimpse the Future''''']



[[File:FL Prepare Now.png | link=https://www.seattletimes.com/nation-world/floridas-real-estate-reckoning-could-be-closer-than-you-think/]]



* [https://solutions.spcollege.edu/programs/sea-level-rise-wonm-info/ '''''A Strategic Solution. Taxes. Yes, Taxes and Sea-Level Rise in Florida -- Get Ready, Taxes Are Just the Beginning'''''] 

''Attorney Richard Jacobs of St. Petersburg, Florida explains: “All the studies show that 80 percent of Floridians live in a coastal community. Once those communities can no longer support those people and start to have problems, the revenue stream has got to reduce, and that’s just the time you need more revenues to keep up with the maintenance of your coastal communities.” But political powers that be in Florida are in denial of climate change and certainly don't want to talk, or plan, for coming [https://www.scribd.com/document/366552581/HCP-Final-Draft '''tides of change'''...]''

: [http://scienceforglobalpolicy.org/wp-content/uploads/56e30928039ff-ISGP%20Sea%20Level%20Rise.pdf ''St. Petersburg College / Institute for Strategic Policy Solutions: Sea-Level Rise, What's Our Next Move?'']

: [http://scienceforglobalpolicy.org/wp-content/uploads/560ebae9ac15f-Wanless%20policy%20position%20paper.pdf ''Harold Wanless/University of Miami: The Coming Reality of Sea-Level Rise'']


* [http://health.wusf.usf.edu/post/florida-coasts-ghost-forests-serve-stark-sign-sea-level-rise#stream/0 '''''Ghost Forests''''']

''Among the starkest markers of sea level rise are what scientists describe as ghost forests, coastal thickets left in waste by creeping salt water... bellwethers of accelerating sea level rise...''


<big>'''November/October 2017'''</big>


* [http://www.sun-sentinel.com/opinion/fl-op-column-fred-grimm-king-tides-climate-change-20171102-story.html '''''King Tides in Miami''''']

''South Florida local governments, mindful that the region’s boomtown economy might damn well drown if the ocean rises (as climate scientists suggest) 10 inches over the next 15 years, have formed a regional compact to fight climate change.'' 

* [http://www.climatecentral.org/news/us-cities-most-vulnerable-major-coastal-flooding-sea-level-rise-21748 '''''These U.S. Cities Are Most Vulnerable to Major Coastal Flooding and Sea Level Rise''''']

''Floridians have the most to lose if climate change can’t be stanched...''

''Climate Central catalogued the 25 American cities with the largest number of residents threatened by sea level rise and climate change.''

''New York, of course, has the largest population situated in threatened areas — 245,000. But Florida cities, most of them in South Florida, utterly dominated the list.''


<big>'''September 2017'''</big>
 
:''Vulnerability reduction is a real-time opportunity.'' -- [https://about.me/revkin ''Andy Revkin''] 


* [https://www.nytimes.com/2017/09/18/us/florida-flood-irma-growth-.html <big>'''''Despite Rising Seas and Bigger Storms, Florida’s Land Rush Endures'''''</big>]

* [https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2017/aug/29/hurricane-harvey-climate-change-real-estate-florida <big>'''''Hurricane Harvey -- Real Estate, Texas, Florida, Low & High Ground'''''</big>]


: [[File:Blue green lines 1.png]]


[[File:Flood-prevention-rick.png]]


* [https://www.greenpolicy360.net/w/File:Flood-prevention-rick.png <big><u>'''''What's to Worry About?'''''</u></big>]


'''Dear Florida Governor Rick Scott: Speaking of the business of politics and planning ahead...''' 

'''Let's take time to look carefully at "How extreme weather risk is creating a real estate insurance disaster"'''


* https://www.curbed.com/2017/8/29/16218468/hurricane-harvey-flood-insurance-wildfire-climate-change


''... (A)s [https://www.greenpolicy360.net/w/File:Houston,_In_Danger.png Harvey’s] full significance comes into focus over the next weeks and months, flood insurance, one of the pillars of local rebuilding efforts, will be in the spotlight. Early estimates suggest the losses may hit $10 billion to $20 billion, making it one of the 10 costliest hurricanes in U.S. history.''

''By September 30, Congress must reauthorize the National Flood Insurance Program (NFIP), a crucial government program that helps pay for and provide policies for millions of properties in at-risk areas across the country. The impact of Harvey on the NFIP is yet unknown, but is clearly expected to be sizable; in Harris County, Texas, the flood program holds more than 240,000 policies, representing more than $60 billion in coverage, according to AIR Worldwide.''

''In other words, just as the nation begins to figure out how to pay for one of the costliest natural disasters in its history, the insurance program that functions as a backstop for hundreds of thousands of affected properties will be up for debate and renewal.''

''Battered by recent disasters, hurricanes, and floods, the NFIP is currently $24.6 billion in debt to the U.S. Treasury. That means Harvey may well push the flood program up against its borrowing limit of $30 billion and require further action from Congress to reform the program.''

''If it’s allowed to lapse, according to a spokesperson from the Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA), which oversees the NFIP, it won’t be allowed to sell or renew flood insurance policies, pay existing claims, or start any mapping or management activities to create accurate assessments of risk.''

''At a time of increased political polarization — especially around the question of climate change and its relationship to the kind of inclement weather events that trigger billion-dollar payments from the NFIP — a chance to reconsider how we develop, build, and plan our communities — and make them more resilient — may be lost to more immediate financial and political needs.''


*http://www.marketwatch.com/story/harveys-ravaging-of-houston-is-perfect-reason-to-kill-the-flood-insurance-program-2017-08-30

*http://money.cnn.com/2017/08/30/news/economy/flood-insurance-harvey/index.html

*https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Flood_Insurance_Program


○ 


[https://www.nytimes.com/2017/08/09/climate/the-sea-level-did-in-fact-rise-faster-in-the-southeast-us.html '''''The Sea Level Did, in Fact, Rise Faster in the Southeast U.S.''''']

''From 2011 to 2015, the sea level along the southeastern American coastline rose six times faster than the long-term rate of global increase.''

''In an [http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/2017GL073926/abstract AGU research paper] published online this week, University of Florida researchers calculated that from 2011 to 2015, the sea level along the American coastline south of Cape Hatteras rose six times faster than the long-term rate of global increase.''

''The short tide gauge records revealed that sea level in southeast Florida, for example, rose at a rate of 3-4 mm/yr from 1996 to 2010. This observed rate was between the global mean sea level rise/SLR and 33% faster, and increased 6-fold to greater than >20 mm/yr between 2011 and 2015. A similar acceleration in sea level appeared in all tide gauge records we analyzed south of Cape Hatteras.''  


○


<big>'''''Unprepared for the Rising Sea'''''</big>


''Adm. Paul Zukunft, U.S. Coast Guard commandant: [http://news.wgbh.org/2017/07/25/politics-government/unprepared-rising-sea National Public Radio Interview]''


[[File:Rising Seas, refugees, Phys.org Land Use July 2017.png|link=https://phys.org/news/2017-06-seas-result-billion-refugees.html]]


[http://blog.ucsusa.org/guest-commentary/what-is-the-cost-of-one-meter-of-sea-level-rise '''''What Is the Cost of One Meter of Sea-Level Rise? Union of Concerned Scientists (UCS)''''']

[http://www.ucsusa.org/sites/default/files/attach/2017/07/when-rising-seas-hit-home-full-report.pdf '''''When Rising Seas Hit Home: Hard Choices Ahead for Hundreds of US Coastal Communities (UCS/PDF)'''''] 


''In a major study release in July, the Union of Concerned Scientists found that, in the absence of preventative measures, Americans can expect the following:''

• ''Within 20 years, by 2035, nearly 170 coastal US communities — roughly twice as many as today — will reach or exceed the threshold for chronic inundation, given moderate sea level rise. Seventy percent of these will be in Louisiana and Maryland, where land subsidence is contributing to rapid rates of sea level rise. More than half of these 170 communities are currently home to socioeconomically vulnerable neighborhoods.''

• ''Within 45 years, by 2060, more than 270 coastal US communities — including many that seldom or never experience tidal flooding today — will be chronically inundated,
given moderate sea level rise.''

• ''By the end of the century, given moderate sea level rise, nearly 490 communities—including 40 percent of all East and Gulf Coast oceanfront communities — will be chronically
inundated.''

• ''Given more rapid sea level rise, nearly 670 coastal US communities will face chronic inundation by the end of the century. This number includes nearly 60 percent of
East and Gulf Coast oceanfront communities as well as a small but growing number of West Coast communities.''

• ''Given that same rapid rate of sea level rise, more than 50 heavily populated areas—including Oakland, California; Miami and St. Petersburg, Florida; and four of the five
boroughs of New York City—will face chronic inundation by the end of the century.''

• ''By 2100, given this same rapid rate of sea level rise, chronic flooding will engulf at least half the total land area of nearly 40 percent of affected communities, including Cambridge, Massachusetts; Alameda, California; and Miami Beach and Fort Lauderdale, Florida.''

• ''Many communities that never reach the 10 percent threshold of chronic inundation this century are nevertheless expected to see chronic flooding of important areas.''

• ''There is still time to prevent such widespread chronic inundation. Curtailing future warming and, thereby, the acceleration of sea level rise could benefit communities in each coastal region. By reducing global warming emissions, we may slow the pace of sea level rise, which could spare hundreds of communities chronic inundation.''

• ''For hundreds of other communities, chronic inundation is avoidable only through significant adaptation measures, including coastal retreat.''


''Measures to accommodate or keep water out of communities may forestall the inundation projected by this analysis, but often at great cost and for a limited time. Hundreds of communities along the coasts, from Maine to Washington State will be forced to make difficult choices about whether and how much to invest in flooded areas versus when to retreat from them. Many such communities are home to low income residents who have few of the resources they would need in order to move or to adapt.''

''Large-scale reductions in global warming emissions, similar to those planned under the international climate deal known as the Paris Agreement, may slow the rate at which sea level rise is accelerating and save many communities from chronic inundation. For hundreds of other cities and towns, however, increased flooding is inevitable, and adaptation is now essential.''

''By making sound decisions soon, communities can prepare for chronic inundation in the time they have and avoid serious losses — not only of homes, schools, businesses, and other infrastructure, but also of regional history, sense of place, local culture, and people’s ways of life.''

''Today, high tide flooding is shifting from a nuisance to a costly, disruptive problem in locations like Miami Beach, pictured here in 2015. Though the flooding has not reached our threshold of chronic inundation, major investments are underway in Miami Beach to address it nonetheless. Around the US coast, as this flooding approaches chronic levels — regularly preventing people from leaving their houses without wading through saltwater, driving their cars without incurring saltwater damage, getting safely to and from school, work, appointments and errands — people will be forced to ask how long they can live with it.''


○


<big>'''June / May 2017'''</big>


[https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/energy-environment/wp/2017/06/26/sea-level-rise-isnt-just-happening-its-getting-faster/ '''Faster Than You Thought?''']

:https://www.usatoday.com/story/weather/2017/04/27/water-water-everywhere-your-neighborhood-underwater-2100/100987622/

: https://coast.noaa.gov/digitalcoast/tools/slr.html


[http://www.insurancejournal.com/news/national/2017/05/30/452446.htm '''U.S. Flood Insurance, Deep in Debt, Attempts to Deal with the Future''']

: ''Currently, the US federal flood insurance program (NFIP) takes in about $3.5 billion in revenue each year, and covers about $1 trillion in risk.''

: ''Both political parties say they support more voluntary buyouts of homes that repeatedly flood. Under that approach, the federal government uses money that comes in through flood insurance policies to purchase high-risk homes, then demolishes them. Expanding those buyouts could shrink neighborhoods along the Atlantic and Gulf Coasts, in such places as New Jersey, Virginia, Florida and Louisiana.''


: '''More on Direct/Indirect Costs:''' 

[http://www.businessinsurance.com/article/20170419/NEWS06/912312990/NFIP-restructuring-needed-as-sea-levels-rise Flood Insurance]

: https://www.fema.gov/media-library/assets/documents/83905 

[https://www.fema.gov/media-library-data/41ecfedd3b889396440c30d34b9b91ea/Agent_Quick_RefGuide_September_2013.pdf FEMA Insurance Guide]


* [http://www.bizjournals.com/tampabay/news/2017/06/05/nearly-460-000-tampa-bay-area-homes-at-risk-for.html <big>'''Flood Insurance? Check Out Tampa Bay FL''' </big>]


: '''Case Studies:''' http://www.tampabay.com/news/business/banking/romano-either-fix-flood-insurance-system-or-be-prepared-for-disaster/2290280 

: http://www.tampabay.com/news/business/banking/remember-the-flood-insurance-scare-of-2013-its-creeping-back-into-tampa/2288308


* [http://www.climatecentral.org/news/how-rising-seas-drowned-the-flood-insurance-program-21484 <big>'''Flood Insurance? Check Out NJ'''</big>]

: '''More:''' http://www.actuary.org/files/publications/FloodMonograph.04192017.pdf


:[[File:NFIP-Rates with and without subsidies.jpg]]


○


Via Josh Kurtz / [https://www.eenews.net/stories/1060053793 E&E News]

<big><big>'''Migration Inland as Real Estate Speculation Shifts'''</big></big>

'''Florida's Barrier Island Blues'''

''"Oh, Miami Beach is going under, the sea level is coming up," Harewood said. "So now the rich people have to find a place to live. My property is 15 feet above sea level, theirs is what? Three under?''

''One of the great ironies of historic housing patterns in Miami is that for decades under Jim Crow, laws and zoning restricted black people to parts of the urban core, an older part of the community that sits on relatively higher ground along a limestone ridge that runs like a topographic stripe down the eastern coast of South Florida. Now, many of those neighborhoods, formerly redlined by lenders and in some places bound in by a literal color wall, have an amenity not yet in the real estate listings: They're on higher ground and are less likely to flood as seas rise...''

''No one can turn a blind eye to the projections everyone uses in South Florida: 2 feet of sea-level rise by 2060.''

''"Everybody I know that is a small owner of real estate that isn't within the billionaire class — average middle-class, upper-middle-class Miamians who have real estate on the beach — is in the process of selling their properties and moving to the mainland... Basically where the coral ridge is, just north of downtown and south of downtown, that's where anecdotally the most amount of speculative investment has been going in because historically that's been the highest ground."


[[File:Miami region sea level rise.gif]]




<big><big><u>'''''[[Inundation]]'''''</u></big></big>


<font color=blue>○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○</font>


<big><big>'''''A "Nightmare Scenario" for Florida'''''</big></big>

* [https://www.bloomberg.com/news/features/2017-04-19/the-nightmare-scenario-for-florida-s-coastal-homeowners <big><big><font color=green>''''' 'Quick Read' on April 21 '''''</font></big></big>]


<font color=blue>○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○</font>


[http://www.truth-out.org/news/item/40073-as-seas-around-mar-a-lago-rise-trump-s-cuts-could-damage-local-climate-work <big>'''''Mar-a-Lago? Or Mar-a-Lagoon'''''</big>]

[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mar-a-Lago Mar-a-Lago] sitting on a shifting [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barrier_island 'barrier island'] in [https://www.mapquest.com/us/florida/business-palm-beach/the-mar-a-lago-club-261512353 Palm Beach], Florida


[[File:Mar-a-lago-club.jpg]]


<big>'''March 2017'''</big>

: http://miamisearise.com/
:: http://www.miamiherald.com/news/local/community/miami-dade/miami-beach/article129284119.html (2017)
:: http://www.npr.org/2016/05/10/476071206/as-waters-rise-miami-beach-builds-higher-streets-and-political-willpower (2016)

: https://consortiumnews.com/2017/03/05/global-warmings-threat-to-trumps-mar-a-largo/
:: https://www.bostonglobe.com/metro/2017/01/13/rising-seas-threaten-jewel-trump-real-estate-empire/bsleB73TesDoLcVxJBK9LP/story.html


<big>'''February 2017'''</big>

:* https://www.epa.gov/arc-x/southwest-florida-assesses-salt-marsh-vulnerability-sea-level-rise
:* http://www.ocregister.com/articles/marshes-418263-ocprint-salt-wildlife.html
:* http://www.pressherald.com/2017/02/11/rachel-carson-national-wildlife-refuge-in-wells-is-losing-ground-to-erosion/
:* https://www.nytimes.com/2017/01/19/nyregion/bronx-marsh-sea-level-rise.html


[[File:Salt-water marsh sea-level rise.jpg | link=https://www.epa.gov/arc-x/southwest-florida-assesses-salt-marsh-vulnerability-sea-level-rise]]




:<big>'''January 2017'''</big>


:[[File:Mar-a-Lago and Rising Seas The Guardian.png|link=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2014/jul/11/miami-drowning-climate-change-deniers-sea-levels-rising]]


[[File:1-19-2017-In the Arctic.png|link=https://www.theguardian.com/environment/live/2017/jan/19/global-warning-live-from-the-climate-change-frontline-as-trump-becomes-president]]


<big>'''December 2016'''</big>


'''Not far from Mar-a-Lago, the U.S. president elect's Florida estate, the [http://www.miamiherald.com/news/local/community/miami-dade/miami-beach/article115688508.html tides are rising higher in Miami].''' 

:'''Via the Miami Herald, here's an octopus in a parking garage as a sign of things to come from rising South Florida seas.''' 


[[File:Octopus, canary in Miami.jpg]]



http://www.tcpalm.com/story/news/special-reports/2016/11/11/sand/93320976/

[[File:Shrinking Shores Florida.png|link=http://www.tcpalm.com/story/news/special-reports/2016/11/11/sand/93320976/]]


○


<big>'''''On the Election of a New U.S. President'''''</big>

:* [http://www.slate.com/articles/health_and_science/science/2016/11/donald_trump_will_be_the_only_world_leader_to_deny_climate_change.html '''''Donald Trump Will Be the Only World Leader to Deny Climate Change''''']


○


<big>'''''Florida, Sea-Level Rise Reality'''''</big> 

The Florida peninsula, with much of it close to sea level, and underlying karst/limestone landscape, sea-level rise will deliver salt-water intrusion into the aquifer.

As evidenced with coastal [http://e360.yale.edu/content/feature.msp?id=3049 "Ghost Forests"], salt water movement into fresh water coastal zones and then inland into groundwater will be disruptive and act to foreshadow devastating environmental results.


<font color=blue>○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○</font> <font color=green>○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○</font>


[http://e360.yale.edu/content/feature.msp?id=3049 Via Yale Environment360] 

''A steady increase in sea levels is pushing saltwater into U.S. wetlands, killing trees from Florida to as far north as New Jersey. But with sea level projected to rise by as much as six feet this century, the destruction of coastal forests is expected to become a worsening problem worldwide.

''On a recent afternoon, University of Florida watershed ecologist David Kaplan and Ph.D. candidate Katie Glodzik hiked through the Withlacoochee Gulf Preserve, on the Big Bend coast of northwestern Florida. Not long ago, red cedar, live oaks, and cabbage palms grew in profusion on the raised “hammock island” forests set amid the preserve’s wetlands. But as the researchers walked through thigh-high marsh grass, the barren trunks of dead cedars were silhouetted against passing clouds. Dead snag cabbage palms stood like toothpicks snapped at the top. Other trees and shrubs, such as wax myrtle, had long been replaced by more salt-tolerant black needlerush marsh grass.''

''Saltwater, flowing into this swampy, freshwater-dependent ecosystem as a result of rising sea levels, is turning these stands of hardwoods into “ghost forests” of dead and dying trees.'' 


Read More: http://grist.org/article/ghost-forests-are-eerie-evidence-of-rising-seas/


<font color=blue>○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○</font>


'''''October 2016'''''


[[File:Rising seas Isaac Cordel.jpg|link=http://www.greenpolicy360.net/w/Inundation]]

<small>Rising seas image courtesy of Isaac Cordel</small>


<big>'''''"What's Your Elevation Above Sea Level?", he asked nonchalantly'''''</big>

''Coastal areas around the globe are losing ground to the sea — and faster than ever. In the past quarter-century alone, the ocean has risen an average of almost 3 inches. With nearly half the world’s population living within 93 miles of a coast, and much of the globe’s commerce concentrated there, sea level rise looms as one of the greatest of all climate change effects...''

○

'''''More Miami, Under and Over, the Sea's Bubbling Up'''''

*''This [http://www.citylab.com/weather/2016/10/sea-level-rise-is-affecting-miami-low-income-communities/505109/ story] was originally published in Spanish at CityLab Latino.''

''The water rose quickly. At noon on a brilliantly sunny day here, several blocks from the beach, a lake of salt water suddenly appeared in the street, filtered up from the porous limestone that resides underneath the whole county of Miami-Dade....''


<font color=blue>○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○</font>


'''''September 2016'''''

[http://www.latimes.com/politics/la-na-pol-trump-climate-miami-20160918-snap-story.html ''Via LA Times'']

'''''The Florida flooding stories continue, as the Republican party and political candidates continue political evasion...'''''

''“Donald Trump lives in a parallel universe where the facts established by the scientific community to him don’t exist,” said Anthony Leiserowitz, director of the Climate Change Communication program at Yale University.''

''“The fact is that climate change is here and now. It’s not some faraway, distant problem that we’re not going to see for a generation or two.”''

''Alarmed by the threat to Florida’s giant tourism industry, Miami business leaders have championed a public works overhaul.''

''“We know the stakes,” said Mark Rosenberg, chairman of the Greater Miami Chamber of Commerce. “At 5 feet over current levels, much of suburban Miami, including Miami Beach, is completely submerged.”''

''To Doug Yoder, deputy director of the Miami-Dade Water and Sewer Department, the debate over climate science ended long ago.''

''“There’s a point beyond which habitability, certainly at the scale and density that southeast Florida is currently developed to, would not be feasible,” he said. “Whether that point is 3 feet of sea-level rise, or 6 feet of sea-level rise, certainly at 10 feet of sea-level rise, there is a point of no return.''

''“The only way that point of no return could be avoided would be to effectively address greenhouse gas emissions.” And that, he said, “has to be managed at a global scale.”''

○

[http://www.politico.com/magazine/politico50/2016/philip-stoddard-harold-wanless ''Via Politico'']

''Last fall, an exceptionally high tide flooded Miami Beach’s streets and forced tourists to slosh their way to their hotels. As global warming accelerates the rise of the sea level, the state of Florida and some local governments want to fight for their own survival, but [http://www.greenpolicy360.net/w/File:Not_to_worry_2016.png Harold Wanless and Philip Stoddard] are urging a reality check: '''Global warming, they say, will drown South Florida. It can’t be reversed.'''''


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'''''August 2016'''''

[https://twitter.com/EarthVitalSigns ''@EarthVitalSigns''] [https://twitter.com/search?q=earthrightnow&src=typd ''#EarthRightNow'']

[https://www.reddit.com/r/science/comments/3zjy4e/science_ama_series_were_noaa_and_nasa_scientists/ ''2016: Reddit AMA: Science-Sea Level Rise'']


<font color=blue>○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○</font>


'''''July 2016'''''

[http://e360.yale.edu/feature/florida_rising_sea_level_tv_weatherman_john_morales/3014/ ''At Ground Zero for Rising Seas, TV Weatherman Talks Climate'']

[[File:SouthFloridaSLR 2s-.gif]]


'''''June 2016'''''

:[http://discovermagazine.com/2016/jul-aug/sea-level-rise '''''Discover Magazine: "How many cities will our oceans swallow?"''''']
:--''*Giving 'Underwater Mortgages' New Meaning"''


'''''May 2016'''''

:''To combat flooding, Miami Beach has launched a $400 million project that's begun installing as many as 80 pump stations throughout the city...''

[https://www.npr.org/2016/05/10/476071206/as-waters-rise-miami-beach-builds-higher-streets-and-political-willpower '''''NPR / As Waters Rise, Miami Beach Builds Higher Streets And Political Willpower''''']


<font color=blue>○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○</font>


[[File:Rising Seas NatGeo M Sept13.jpg]]


<big>'''''U.S. Presidential Campaign</big> 

'''''Trump v the World: [http://www.nytimes.com/2016/05/27/us/politics/donald-trump-global-warming-energy-policy.html Announces his Energy policy]''''' 
:'''''Republican presidential candidate -- Cancel the Paris agreement, More fossil fuels, Less Clean/Renewable Energy''''' 

:''In a [http://thinkprogress.org/climate/2016/05/26/3782434/trump-let-the-world-burn/ speech] laying out his energy agenda for the United States, Trump promised to undo essentially every major policy developed in last decade intended to slow human-caused global warming.'' 

'''''Trump declares he [http://www.motherjones.com/blue-marble/2016/03/trump-climate-change-washington-post doesn't believe the science], believes climate change a [http://thinkprogress.org/climate/2015/06/16/3670229/president-trump-climate/ hoax] and [http://grist.org/article/what-future-president-trump-thinks-of-climate-change/ 'BS'''''']

:''Trump tweet: This very expensive GLOBAL WARMING bullshit has got to stop.'' [http://thinkprogress.org/climate/2016/05/19/3779862/trump-paris-climate-deal-environmentalist-reaction/ '''Environmentalists are the problem', acc to the Republican candidate for president''] 
:''Our planet is freezing, record low temps,and our GW scientists are stuck in ice''

○

[http://grist.org/election-2016/sanders-final-win-climate-action-in-the-democratic-platform/ ''Democratic Party environmental positions voted into platform, Sanders endorses "most progressive" platform''] 

[http://strategicdemands.com/republicans-vote-to-block-national-security/ '''''Republicans in US Congress Vote to Block National & Global Security''''']
:'''''Attempt to Defund and Block Defense Dept. Studies and Work Related to Impacts of Climate Change'''''


[[File:Sea-Level Rise Twice as High as Previously Predicted.png]]


'''''Experts Warn of 'Significant' Global Sea-Level Rise as the Antarctic Impacted by Global Warming'''''

:[http://www.greenpolicy360.net/w/File:Sea-Level_Rise_Twice_as_High_as_Previously_Predicted.png ''Sea levels set to 'rise far more than expected'']

:[http://gizmodo.com/florida-is-screwed-1767982278 ''"Florida is Screwed"''] 

:[http://therealdeal.com/miami/2016/04/07/miami-beach-property-values-may-fall-as-sea-levels-rise-experts/ '''''The RealDeal: South Florida Real Estate News... Miami Beach property values may fall as sea levels rise: experts''''']

○

''http://www.nytimes.com/2016/03/31/science/global-warming-antarctica-ice-sheet-sea-level-rise.html''

''http://blogs.agu.org/wildwildscience/2016/04/04/science-gets-better-news-gets-worse-sea-level-rise/''

''... for the first time, researchers used a series of coupled models to produce a more realistic look at what will happen to Antarctica in the coming decades and centuries. There has been a lot of uncertainty about how quickly the ice shelves could collapse, and even a decade ago the IPCC was saying that there was too much uncertainty to forecast it reliably. Since then, the science has improved, and the news has gotten worse.'' 


<big>'''''U.S. Presidential Campaign: Environmental Threats'''''</big>

[http://desmogblog.com/2016/03/03/warming-accelerates-talk-climate-change-dissipates '''''What Problems?''''']

:[http://scorecard.lcv.org/ '''''Environmental Scorecard''''']: '''''Cruz [http://thinkprogress.org/climate/2016/02/25/3753742/national-environmental-scorecard/ voted against every green bill],''''' 
:'''''and opposed every pro-environment, anti-pollution piece of legislation'''''

:[http://www.motherjones.com/environment/2016/03/john-kasich-climate-change-donald-trump '''''Kasich says 'yes and no' on the environment''''']

'''''Trump declares he [http://www.motherjones.com/blue-marble/2016/03/trump-climate-change-washington-post doesn't believe the science] and believes climate change a hoax'''''

:[http://desmogblog.com/climate-cover-up '''''More from DeSmog''''']/[http://www.desmogblog.com/ '''''Desmog Blog''''']


<font color=blue>○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○</font>


'''''March 2016'''''

[[File:3-15-2016 12-29-07 PM.png]]

:'''''Politico / March 14, 2016''''' 

:[http://www.politico.com/magazine/story/2016/03/what-works-miami-beach-sea-level-rise-213731  '''''How Miami Beach Is Keeping the Florida Dream Alive — And Dry''''']
: ''Beset by rising seas and indifferent legislators, the city is spending big to keep its economy above water''

:'''''There’s just no getting away from the rising sea...''''' 

''Across the country, even the world, coastal cities are the front lines of climate-change planning, leap-frogging past the political debate to hatch immediate and often very expensive plans to fight the effects they are already living with. Miami Beach, all seven square miles of it, has placed itself at the leading edge of an existential fight facing the entirety of South Florida — 230 miles of coastline running from Key West to Palm Beach. Driven by global warming, the sea level here has risen 9 inches over the past century and is predicted to rise at an accelerating pace by as much as another 6½ feet by 2100. Even the most conservative scientists anticipate a rise of at least 2 feet by 2060...''

○

[http://www.reuters.com/article/us-usa-election-climatechange-idUSMTZSAPEC34J7GI77 '''''Florida mayors press presidential debate moderators for climate airtime''''']

''Mayors of 21 cities in Florida called on the moderators of presidential debates in Miami to ask candidates how they would deal with rising sea levels caused by climate change, a concern of the state's coastal communities.''

''"It would be unconscionable for these issues of grave concern for the people of Florida to not be addressed in the upcoming debate you will be hosting in the state," the mayors wrote in an letter to CNN, The Washington Post, Univision and the other media outlets hosting the Democratic and Republican debates on March 9 and March 10 in Miami.'' 

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[[File:Jason3-16-2.jpg]]


<big><big>'''''Another in Series of NASA Earth Science Satellites Launched'''''</big></big>

* [http://www.greenpolicy360.net/w/Earth_Science_Research_from_Space ''Earth Science Research from Space'']


<big>'''''Ocean Science: Studying Sea-Level Rise'''''</big>

'''''Jason-3 in Orbit - http://www.nasa.gov/press-release/jason-3-launches-to-monitor-global-sea-level-rise'''''

''https://blogs.nasa.gov/Jason-3/''

''Confirmation has arrived via the Fairbanks, Alaska tracking station that Jason-3’s solar arrays are, indeed, out. The twin Jason-3 solar arrays have been extended and the spacecraft is power positive, flying in its planned orbit of 66 degrees to the Earth’s equator : 3:21 pm EST''


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[http://www.greenpolicy360.net/w/Climate_News <big>'''''Updates from Florida'''''</big>] 

<big>'''''The Presidential campaign comes to the 'Sunshine State''''''</big>


* [http://insideclimatenews.org/news/01032016/ft-lauderdale-climate-change-global-warming-rising-sea-level '''''Ft. Lauderdale, Florida and Rising Seas''''']


''Sunshine state pol updates -- Some environmental [http://www.tampabay.com/opinion/columns/column-gov-scott-clueless-in-lake-crisis/2268841 Carl Hiaasen] riffing on Florida's Gov Scott, and an e-bit of Clinton & Sanders from today's Miami Herald & TampaBay Times.''

''Clinton "mocked the Scott administration's directive to state employees not to use the words "climate change" and pledged to support renewable energy in Florida."''

''"Of Scott's order to state employees, she said: "I found this one hard to believe. I mean, you've just got to shake your head at that."''

''"When Republicans say they can't talk about climate change because they're not scientists, Clinston said, there's a cure for that: "Go talk to a scientist."''

''Sanders "also criticized Republicans for their obstinance on climate change, which he said is holding Florida back from becoming a leader in renewable energy."''

''"The state of Florida has an extraordinary natural resource: its called sunlight," Sanders said, "and this state should be a leader in the world in producing solar energy."''

''And from Florida, an Editorial re: political moves in the "Sunshine State"... misnaming a constitutional amendment that would, in effect, *prevent sunshine/solar energy* from competing w/ the fossil fuel industry. The issue is now before the Court. Ivan Penn formerly w/ the St Pete Times, now w/ the LA Times, wrote extensively about energy issues in Florida. What a long-running story it is. Today's [http://www.tampabay.com/opinion/editorials/editorial-court-should-reject-solar-amendment/2268839 Tampa Bay Times Editorial] speaks of the latest chapter of public good v energy industry-lobbying power...'' 


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'''''Feb 2016'''''

[http://www.nytimes.com/2016/02/23/science/sea-level-rise-global-warming-climate-change.html '''Sea-level Rise Globally''']
:'''Seas Are Rising at Fastest Rate in Last 28 Centuries'''
:[http://www.pnas.org/content/early/2016/02/17/1517056113 '''Temperature-driven global sea-level'''] 


[http://www.motherjones.com/environment/2016/01/marco-rubio-climate-change-florida '''Florida Is Sinking: Where Is Marco Rubio?"]

:[http://climatetruth.org/press/releases/2016/1/26/15-south-florida-mayors-request-rubio-meeting/ '''15 South Florida Mayors Request Climate Change Mtg with Senator Rubio''']

: MIAMI, FL — ''Mayors representing more than 920,000 South Florida residents released a letter sent to Senator Marco Rubio requesting a meeting to discuss the risks facing Florida communities due to climate change. The letter, sent to Rubio’s campaign offices last Thursday, highlights the economic toll of climate change in South Florida and asks the candidate to “acknowledge the reality and urgency of climate change and to address the crisis it presents our communities.”'' 


'''''Jan 2016'''''

[http://www.greenpolicy360.net/w/File:Oceans_heat_added_1955-2011_lawrencelivermorelab_2016.jpg '''Heat absorbed by oceans doubles since 1997''']

'''''Dec 2015'''''

[http://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2015/12/21/the-siege-of-miami '''The Siege of Miami''']

[http://grist.org/article/disappearing-coastlines-and-rising-seas-how-the-gop-is-killing-florida/ '''Disappearing coastlines and rising seas:'''] 
:[http://grist.org/article/disappearing-coastlines-and-rising-seas-how-the-gop-is-killing-florida/ "How the GOP is killing Florida"]

'''''Nov 2015'''''

[http://www.vanityfair.com/news/2015/11/miami-beach-global-warming '''Oh Miami''']

'''''Oct 2015'''''

[http://sealevel.climatecentral.org/ '''Mapping Sea-level Rise (US)''']

'''''Sept 2015'''''  

[http://www.greenpolicy360.net/w/Inundation '''Inundation?''']


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'''''August 2015''''' 

<big>'''NASA: "What's up with sea-level rise?"'''</big>

Data from NASA coming i/o from JPL US/Euro mission control  

* http://www.nasa.gov/goddard/risingseas --- http://svs.gsfc.nasa.gov/cgi-bin/details.cgi?aid=11978 --- https://sealevel.jpl.nasa.gov/ --- http://www.washingtonpost.com/news/energy-environment/wp/2015/08/26/the-troubling-reasons-why-nasa-is-so-focused-on-studying-on-sea-level-rise/ --- https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ocean_Surface_Topography_Mission

[http://www.washingtonpost.com/news/energy-environment/wp/2015/08/28/why-nasas-so-worried-that-greenlands-melting-could-speed-up/?postshare=7501440792049830 Why NASA’s so worried that Greenland’s melting could speed up]


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== Sea-Level Rise and Coastal Response ==


[[File:SeaLevelRise-populationimpact.jpg]]


; <big><big>'''United States -- Case Studies'''</big></big>

'''Adaptation Action Planning''' 


<big>'''Florida'''</big> 


'''2015/2014/2013'''

[http://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2015/apr/15/marco-rubio-climate-change-florida-five-reasons '''Five Reasons Why Florida's Senator Rubio (Might Want To) Should Re-think Climate Change''']


'''"Climate change could leave the Florida Keys and large parts of the south of the state underwater"'''


'''Contrasting Visions''' 

[http://www.greenpolicy360.net/w/U.S._Environmental_Protection,_2015_-_Energy,_Emissions,_Climate_Change '''Environmental Protection Agency Goes After Emissions and the Koch's Gathering at the Monarch Bay on the Beach in Southern California Preps to Push Nearly a Billion Dollars into a Presidential Campaign and Opposition to Environmental Policies''']


[http://www.newrepublic.com/article/121090/florida-imperiled-climate-change-and-overrun-deniers '''Why Does Florida Have So Many Climate Change Deniers?''']

Billionaires Charles and David Koch have helped to fuel conservative activism in Florida, by spending millions over the years to establish elaborate political operations in the state. As a result, Florida has become something of a testing ground for anti-government campaigning from the Kochs’ primary group, 'Americans for Prosperity'. 

[http://www.nytimes.com/2014/03/21/us/politics/koch-group-seeks-lasting-voice-for-small-government.html '''The New York Times'''] last March noted that AFP used a special election for a House seat and “turned the Florida contest into its personal electoral laboratory to fine-tune get-out-the-vote tools and messaging for future elections as it pursues its overarching goal of convincing Americans that big government is bad government.” '''David Jolly''', AFP’s candidate of choice, won that election. Like many of his Florida colleagues, Jolly said he doesn’t think “the impact that humans have had on our climate is so dramatic” that it warrants government action...

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[http://www.miaminewtimes.com/news/dutch-sea-level-rise-expert-miami-will-be-the-new-atlantis-a-city-in-the-sea-7628340 '''Miami Could Be a New Atlantis - from a Dutch engineer point of view''']

''“If we look around the world and take into account sea level rise and the increase of water related disasters, among the places in the world that have the most assets and investments at risk, Miami is leading that list,” [http://www.government.nl/news/2015/03/12/henk-ovink-appointed-as-first-special-envoy-for-international-water-affairs-for-the-kingdom-of-the-netherlands.html  '''Henry Ovink'''] tells New Times. “Miami will no longer be a land city, but a city in the sea.” Last year, a [http://www.nytimes.com/2014/04/13/magazine/how-to-think-like-the-dutch-in-a-post-sandy-world.html '''New York Times Magazine article about Ovink'''] and Dutch water management efforts showed just how behind the U.S. is in its thinking around water.'' 

[http://grist.org/cities/miami-sea-level-rise-climate-change '''Miami is Sinking Already Under Rising Sea Levels''']

''At the University of Miami’s Department of Atmospheric Sciences, Brian McNoldy and other researchers have been accumulating sea-level data from Virginia Key (a small island just south of Miami Beach) since 1996. Over those 19 years, sea levels around the Miami coast have already gone up 3.7 inches. In a post, McNoldy highlights three big problems that follow from those numbers...''


'''Head in Sand / Mar 2015''' 

[http://www.bloomberg.com/politics/articles/2015-03-08/florida-officials-say-they-were-banned-from-saying-climate-change-and-global-warming- '''Florida Officials Say They Were Banned From Saying 'Climate Change' and 'Global Warming'''']


[[File:Sea level rise Miami area tide data 1996-2015.png | link=http://grist.org/cities/miami-sea-level-rise-climate-change/]]


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[http://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2004/1352/data/USA_karst.pdf Karst formation/underground will have added impact on sea-level rise/salt water intrusion in Florida]

''Re: Florida topography: Karst topography is the geological name given to an area of limestone bedrock featuring caves, sinkholes, underground streams and natural springs [http://dep.state.fl.us/springs/faq.htm (Florida has one of the highest concentrations of springs on Earth)]. In laymen terms, karst topography is anywhere the lower levels of the soil horizon has been dissolved by the physical or chemical weathering of the bedrock. These environments are comprised of carbonate rocks, such as dolomite and limestone, or having high amounts of evaporites, for example, salt and gypsum, as these materials tend to be highly soluble in water. Having these conditions within humid climate like Florida invites faster weathering. Another erosion accelerator is groundwater mixed with vegetation creates a weak acid that dissolves the limestone. (think baking soda mixing with vinegar) Over time, cracks become caves, and when caves collapse they form exposed openings known as karst windows.''



[[File:Florida Carbonate-Platform-via-Tihansky.jpg]]



'''''Karst topography? Limestone-Carbonate Peninsula? Underground Connected Waterways? Mosaic Corporation Demonstrates a Case Study'''''

''What is the connection between the world's largest phosphate production industry, sea-level rise and Florida's underground waterways?''


'''''Phosphate has seeded Florida with the environmental equivalent of ticking time bombs'''''

[https://www.sarasotamagazine.com/articles/2017/4/26/florida-phosphate '''''The Clock is Ticking on Florida’s Mountains of Hazardous Phosphate Waste''''']

* https://water.usgs.gov/ogw/aquiferbasics/carbrock.html


''Where carbonate rocks are exposed at land surface, solution features create karst topography, characterized by little surface drainage as well as by sinkholes, blind valleys, sinking streams, and mogotes. Because water enters the carbonate rocks rapidly through sinkholes and other large openings, any contaminants in the water can rapidly enter and spread through the aquifers.''


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<big>'''Florida: Hear not, See not, Speak not:'''</big>


<big><big>'''''Banned in Florida: [https://www.greenpolicy360.net/w/File:Three_UnWise_Monkeys_on_the_beach_via_wiki.jpg Government Frowns] on Use of the Term -- "Climate Change"'''''</big></big>


[[File:Three UnWise Monkeys on the beach via wiki.jpg]]


<big>'''''Rising seas. Solution?'''''</big> 

:'''Ban the term 'climate change'...''' 

:[http://fcir.org/2015/03/08/in-florida-officials-ban-term-climate-change/ FL Center for Investigative Reporting / '''''Officials Ban Term ‘Climate Change’ ''''']


* ''http://www.miamiherald.com/news/state/florida/article12983720.html

* ''http://www.bostonglobe.com/news/nation/2015/05/10/sea-rise-threatens-florida-coast-but-statewide-plan/QMdrryJGQKQz6m49kKZsDN/story.html 

* ''http://in.reuters.com/article/2015/03/09/us-usa-florida-climatechange-idINKBN0M51P520150309

* ''http://mashable.com/2015/03/09/florida-bans-global-warming/

* ''http://qz.com/358675/floridas-authorities-want-to-wish-climate-change-away/

* ''http://www.csmonitor.com/USA/USA-Update/2015/0309/Can-Florida-prepare-for-climate-change-without-saying-the-words

* ''http://www.washingtonpost.com/news/morning-mix/wp/2015/03/09/florida-state-most-affected-by-climate-change-reportedly-bans-term-climate-change/

* ''http://www.motherjones.com/blue-marble/2015/03/florida-climate-change

* ''http://www.citylab.com/weather/2015/03/why-its-so-dangerous-that-floridas-governor-banned-the-term-climate-change/387226/

* ''http://www.thedailybeast.com/articles/2015/03/09/florida-quietly-bans-the-words-climate-change-in-environmental-protection-docs.html

* [http://www.salon.com/2015/03/09/the_term_climate_change_is_reportedly_banned_in_florida/ ''Banned in Florida'']

* ''http://www.engadget.com/2015/03/09/rick-scott-climate-change-denial-in-florida/

* ''http://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2015/mar/08/florida-banned-terms-climate-change-global-warming

* ''http://arstechnica.com/science/2015/03/report-officials-at-florida-environment-office-told-not-to-say-climate-change/

* ''http://www.cnn.com/2015/03/09/politics/florida-officials-climate-change-banned/


○  


[[File:Beyond ludicrous politics in Florida March2015.png]]


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[http://news.fiu.edu/2015/03/the-rising-tide-within-from-coastlines-to-the-everglades-researchers-tackle-sea-level-rise/85819 '''''Florida International University Researchers Tackle Sea Level Rise''''']

[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ykzWhuS52wM&list=PLE57D4414FAA446C0 '''''Rising seas in South Florida, PBS-2014'''''] - [http://www.pbs.org/newshour/bb/south-florida-rising-sea-levels/ '''''South Florida Rising Seas''''' - ''PBS'']


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[http://www.tampabay.com/news/business/energy/utilities-will-ask-psc-for-permission-to-gut-energy-saving-goals/2189192 '''''Big Energy companies in Florida look to "gut energy savings goals"''''']

''In Florida, fossil fuel energy co's have their way in a pro-fossil fueled legis and w/ the gov. Today we read the energy co's are officially against renewables, incl solar in the "Sunshine State", claiming to the PSC that energy 'savings' are bad (for them) and then there's the 'if they can't grow, they'll die' argument (so pay more, use more, pollute more, greenhouse more, sea rise more, not to worry, bigger better, more better.) What's wrong w/ this picture?''


* [http://www.tampabay.com/news/politics/stateroundup/florida-scientists-press-gov-scott-on-climate-change/2188637 '''''Scientists petition the governor''''']

* [http://southeastfloridaclimatecompact.org/pdf/Adap%20Action%20Areas.pdf '''''Southeast Florida Climate Compact''''']

* [http://www.icleiusa.org/blog/archive/2013/03/25/broward-county-incorporate-climate-change-into-plans-targets-adaptation-action-areas '''''Adaptation action-ICLEI model''''']

* [http://www.rcinef.org/AAAinFTL_CRWGmetting_040813.pdf '''''Resiliency against sea-level rise''''']

* [http://www.csc.noaa.gov/digitalcoast/stories/slr '''''NASA study of Southeast Florida Vulnerability to Sea-Level Rise''''']

* [http://sealevel.climatecentral.org/uploads/ssrf/FL-Report.pdf '''''Florida and the Surging Seas, a Vulnerability Assessment''''']

* [http://www.theguardian.com/world/2014/jul/11/miami-drowning-climate-change-deniers-sea-levels-rising '''''Miami in Deep'''''] 

* [http://www.nytimes.com/2013/11/11/us/south-florida-faces-ominous-prospects-from-rising-waters.html '''''South Florida Faces Ominous Prospects from Rising Waters''''' / ''NYT'']

* [http://interactive.sun-sentinel.com/rising-seas/ '''''Rising Seas: South Florida, Inching toward Disaster''''']

* [http://www.energy.senate.gov/public/index.cfm/files/serve?File_id=e0f5e6f1-34f1-4bd9-8243-8b3c77e1d27d '''''Florida - Impact of Sea Level Rise on Energy and Water''''']


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''A 2014 report released by the research and journalism group Climate Central found that 2,120 square miles of land lie less than 3 feet above the high tide line in Florida. That means 300,000 homes, or around $145 billion in property value, are at risk.... Climate Central found that $71 billion of Florida property sits on land less than two feet above the high tide line.''

''http://sealevel.climatecentral.org/uploads/ssrf/FL-Report.pdf''


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<big>''United States''</big>


'''''California'''''

'''''Sea Level Rise Vulnerability Study''''' - ''City of Los Angeles'' 

''Over the next century, sea level rise in the Los Angeles (L.A.) region is expected to match global projections with an increase of 0.1 - 0.6 m (5 - 24 inches) from 2000 to 2050 and 0.4 - 1.7 m (17 - 66 inches) from 2000 to 2100.'' [http://www.usc.edu/org/seagrant/research/sea_level_rise_vulnerability.html ''USC Report'']

''Los Angeles critical coastal infrastructure at the Port of Los Angeles (Port) is approximately 10 ft above sea level. Under current conditions, some of this infrastructure is vulnerable to flooding during high tide events and severe storms. This flooding is expected to worsen as sea level rise contributes to increased total water levels. The Port is among the busiest in the world, contributing more than $63 billion to the State of California, and more than $260 billion to the U.S. economy. More than 40% of all imports arriving in the U.S. comes through the Ports of Los Angeles and Long Beach, where it is loaded onto trucks and trains for overland shipping (Port of Los Angeles 2012)...'' [http://www.usc.edu/org/seagrant/research/SeaLevelRise_docs/hires_pdfs/City%20of%20LA%20SLR%20Vulnerability%20Study%20FINAL%20Online%20w%20appen.pdf]

''San Diego'' - 
''http://www.icleiusa.org/climate_and_energy/Climate_Adaptation_Guidance/san-diego-bay-sea-level-rise-adaptation-strategy-1'' 

''California regional - http://climate.calcommons.org/article/regional-strategies-sea-level-rise-adaptation''


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'''''New York City'''''

''Startling Maps of How New York City Will Be Hit''
:[http://www.citylab.com/weather/2016/06/how-sea-level-rise-will-affect-nyc-mapped-new-york-city/485123/ ''CityLab Maps'']
::http://www.landscapemetrics.com/portfolio/project/13/
:[http://observer.com/2016/06/as-sea-levels-rise-brooklyn-could-be-hit-the-hardest/ ''With five more feet of ocean], everything from Canarsie to Coney Island would be submerged''
:[http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2015/02/17/new-york-city-sea-level-rise_n_6700320.html ''Not to Worry: It's in the Distant Future (Not)'']

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''Post Superstorm Sandy, estimated $29 Billion plan sets stage for future'' [http://www.reuters.com/article/2012/11/04/storm-sandy-infrastructure-repe-idUSL5E8M2C8D20121104] [http://www1.nyc.gov/office-of-the-mayor/news/201-13/mayor-bloomberg-outlines-ambitious-proposal-protect-city-against-effects-climate-change ''Mayor's Plan to Protect NYC''] [http://www.nyc.gov/html/sirr/html/report/report.shtml ''A Stronger, More Resilient New York''] [http://www.nycedc.com/resource/stronger-more-resilient-new-york] [http://www.businessweek.com/articles/2014-06-04/designing-a-manhattan-superstorm-barrier-that-fits-into-the-neighborhood ''Superstorm barrier for New York - June 4, 2014''] [http://www.smithsonianmag.com/smart-news/building-13-mile-long-levee-manhattan-feasible-180951955/ ''13 Mile Long Levee at tip of Manhattan''] 

''In a settlement that could have far-reaching implications nationwide, New York’s largest utility is now responsible for preparing for a future of extreme weather, including the impacts of climate change. June 5, 2014 [http://earthdesk.blogs.pace.edu/2014/03/01/new-york-con-ed-settlement-sets-stage-for-climate-change-reform-by-power-utilities/#sthash.rtl8I0G7.dpuf]

[http://www.globalchange.gov/browse/sea-level-rise-tool-sandy-recovery NY/NJ ''Sea Rise Assessment 2013'']


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'''Global and Regional Sea Level RiseScenarios forUS (pdf)'''

[[File:Global and Regional Sea Level Rise Scenarios for US.pdf]]


<big>'''U.S.'''</big>


[http://mashable.com/2014/07/16/cities-rising-sea-levels/ Ways ''Cities are Preparing for Sea-Level Rise'']

''"Global sea-level rise (SLR) trends provide valuable evidence in preparing for future environmental change" explains a 2012 US NOAA report which goes on to say '''aside from this report, there is currently no coordinated, interagency effort in the US to identify agreed upon global mean SLR estimates for the purpose of coastal planning, policy, and management.''''' --  [http://scenarios.globalchange.gov/sites/default/files/NOAA_SLR_r3_0.pdf '''''Scenarios/NOAA/Nov 2012''''']

''Soon after this acknowledgment of a systemic lack of coordinated, interagency planning, a follow-on assessment is issued by "twelve contributing authors" from "ten different federal and academic science institutions."'' ''NOAA/Dec 2012'' 

''"A new sea level rise scenarios report has been released by NOAA's Climate Program Office in collaboration with twelve contributing authors from ten different federal and academic science institutions. The report, produced in response to a request from the U.S. National Climate Assessment Development and Advisory Committee, provides a synthesis of the scientific literature on global sea level rise, and a set of four scenarios of future global sea level rise."''  [http://www.globalchange.gov/news/global-sea-level-rise-scenarios-united-states-national-climate-assessment ''Global Sea Level Rise Scenarios for the United States National Climate Assessment''] 

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[http://strategicdemands.com/security-design/ '''''US Pentagon Prepares for Climate Change''''']


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<big>'''''Global'''''</big>


[http://www.greenpolicy360.net/w/Sea-Level_Rise_Environmental_Research_Letters '''''Sea level rises poses greater threat to billions / March 2016''''']

[[File:Aldis zone blog.jpg]]


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* [http://www.thedailybeast.com/articles/2015/07/20/climate-seer-james-hansen-issues-his-direst-forecast-yet.html ''Dire Warnings from James Hansen'']

* [http://www.theguardian.com/environment/2014/oct/14/sea-level-rise-unmatched-6000-years-global-warming ''Sea level rise over 6000 yrs'']

* [http://www.globalchange.gov/news ''US Gov initiates global climate change inter-agency coordination/risk assessment -- Global Change News and Updates'']


via [http://www.nzherald.co.nz/nz/news/article.cfm?c_id=1&objectid=11512463 ''New Zealand Herald/Science'']

* [http://www.greenpolicy360.net/w/Earth_Science_Research_from_Space '''''Earth Imaging -- The Antarctic: Big Melt Accelerates''''']


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'''Sept 2015''' 

<big>'''''"Climate Change, the Fate of Antarctica and Global Sea-level Rise"'''''</big>

''New evidence suggesting a behemoth "sleeping giant" ice sheet is more sensitive to climate change than ever thought... the ice sheet, which forms most of Antarctica, would contribute an equivalent of around 50 metres of sea level rise - the vast majority of the total 58 metres that could come from the frozen continent.''

''The part of the ice sheet that rests on bedrock below sea level is most vulnerable and holds an equivalent of 19 metres of sea level rise.''

''In the face of climate change, which has brought warmer ocean water to the edges of Antarctica, the vast ice sheet has been long regarded by scientists to be much more stable when compared with the smaller, 25 million square kilometre West Antarctic Ice Sheet, which satellite measurements estimated was losing more than 150 cubic kilometres of ice each year.''

''But an Australian expedition that managed to reach the typically inaccessible Totten Glacier in East Antarctica in January revealed some of the first direct evidence that warmer waters were having a significant impact...''

''"In general, all of the evidence we have from the ice, from the atmosphere, and from the top to the bottom of oceans, is that the Southern Ocean is having an impact on Antarctica and an impact on our climate.''

''"The evidence is just becoming more and more clear that change is underway - and work by my colleagues all around the world is showing these changes are a result of human activity. It's not just a natural cycle we are seeing."''

''Dr Stephen Rintoul has led 12 expeditions to Antarctica and coordinated the major international Southern Ocean climate research programmes conducted over the past 25 years...''

''The new findings link in with what is another big part of Dr Rintoul's work - the role of oceans in climate change.''

''"One of the things that many people don't realise is that, in a sense, global warming is ocean warming - more than 93 per cent of the extra heat that's been stored by the planet over the last 50 years is found in the oceans.''

''"So that means if we want to understand how the climate is evolving and how the climate is changing, we need to be tracking and understanding what's happening in the oceans..."''


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'''''August 2015''''' 

'''''Rising Sea Level Threat: Glaciers 'Beyond the Point of No Return''''''

''Glaciologist Eric Rignot of the UC-Irvine and NASA’s JPL and lead author of a West Antarctic [http://www.commondreams.org/news/2014/05/12/rising-sea-level-threat-glaciers-beyond-point-no-return study], stated that East Antarctica’s ice sheet remains a wildcard.''

''“The prevailing view among specialists has been that East Antarctica is stable, but we don’t really know,” Rignot stated. “Some of the signs we see in the satellite data right now are red flags that these glaciers might not be as stable as we once thought.”''

''Exactly how much rise will happen and when is uncertain, they say. “We’ve seen from the paleoclimate record that sea level rise of as much as 10 feet in a century or two is possible, if the ice sheets fall apart rapidly,” said Tom Wagner, the cryosphere program scientist at NASA Headquarters in Washington. “We’re seeing evidence that the ice sheets are waking up, but we need to understand them better before we can say we’re in a new era of rapid ice loss.”''


○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ 


[[File:Livableresilientsustainable.jpg]]


== '''''Resilient Strategies for responding to sea-level rise''''' ==

&nbsp;

'''''Resilient Cities''''' - '''''Resilient Communities'''''

'''''Integrating Best Practices into Planning''''' 

''"With identification of risks inherent in the forces of nature, government acquires responsibilities to address those risks..."'' 


[http://thebridge.agu.org/2014/06/06/mitigation-really-priority-community/ ''Sea-level rise mitigation policies''] 

: [http://www.fema.gov/media-library-data/20130726-1739-25045-4373/pas_560_final.pdf Disaster ''Preparedness/FEMA - PDF'']


• http://www.iclei.org/details/article/how-to-raise-funding-to-build-protection-walls-against-sea-level-rise.html


[http://www.adaptationlibrary.com/ '''''Adaptation Library''''']

http://climate-l.iisd.org/news/iclei-partners-summarize-implications-of-ar5-findings-for-cities/



○ 



[[File:Against-The-Tide.jpg]]


[http://www.amazon.com/Against-Tide-Cornelia-Dean/dp/0231084196/ref=sr_1_4?s=books&ie=UTF8&qid=1401901597&sr=1-4&keywords=against+the+tide '''''Against the Tide''''' ''book by Cornelia Dean''] 

''From Publishers Weekly''

''An eloquent, forceful plea to save America's rapidly eroding beaches and coastline, this revelatory and disturbing report from the science editor of the New York Times is reminiscent of Rachel Carson's ''Silent Spring''...''

[Review] ''Castles built on sand are doomed, they say. But in our hunger for an ocean view from the living-room window, we keep building things we expect to last on beaches that never stay still. In ''Against the Tide'', Cornelia Dean, science editor of The New York Times, outlines the global coastal management crisis and all the elaborate engineering methods developed to stave off erosion--revetments, sand-trapping devices, seawalls, groins and jetties, even artificial seaweed beds. In clear, journalistic style, she explains how all of these devices have failed to stop the inexorable march of the sea...''

''From the motels and T-shirt shops of beachless Florida "beach towns" to Los Angeles County, most of whose beaches are artificial, the story Dean tells is the same. People build on unstable landforms, then attempt to avoid the inevitable consequences through quick technological fixes: concrete seawalls, artificial reefs, sand-trapping steel groins, jetties, underground "dewatering" systems of pipes and pumps, etc. These techno-fixes may prolong the life of coastal buildings, but they usually accelerate erosion and environmental degradation...''

&nbsp;

== Florida (sea-level mapping) ==
 
&nbsp;

'''''Sea-rise near-, mid-, long-term projections'''''


[[File:Florida sea rise ab.jpg]]


:[http://www.greenpolicy360.net/w/File:Florida_sea_rise_ab.jpg Image]

:··········


[[File:Florida sea rise c.jpg]]


:[http://www.greenpolicy360.net/w/File:Florida_sea_rise_c.jpg Image]

:··········


[[File:Florida-sea-level-rise.jpg]]


:[http://www.greenpolicy360.net/w/File:Florida-sea-level-rise.jpg Image]

:··········


[[File:FaceApp Florida.jpg]]

&nbsp;


== '''''Rising Seas_Art''''' ==

&nbsp;


[[File:Master-Plan-Chad-Wright-a.jpg]]


:[http://www.greenpolicy360.net/w/File:Master-Plan-Chad-Wright-a.jpg Sea-rise Art]

:··················


[[File:Master Plan-by-Chad-Wright-b.jpg]]


:[http://www.greenpolicy360.net/w/File:Master_Plan-by-Chad-Wright-b.jpg Sea-rise Art]

:··············································


[[File:Master-Plan-by-Chad-Wright c.jpg]]


:[http://www.greenpolicy360.net/w/File:Master-Plan-by-Chad-Wright_c.jpg Sea-rise Art]



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[http://static01.nyt.com/images/2014/04/13/magazine/13flooding1/mag-13flooding-t_CA0-blog427.jpg <big>'''''Ovink'''''</big>]


'''''Henk Ovink, a Dutch water-management expert and global ambassador, is trying to persuade Americans to approach water the way the Dutch do.'''''

''The [http://www.nytimes.com/2014/04/13/magazine/how-to-think-like-the-dutch-in-a-post-sandy-world.html Dutch know] more than Florida knows about flooding. Ovink presents [https://www.greenpolicy360.net/w/Green_Best_Practices green best practices] and engineering to prevent inundation...''

''He kept the Netherlands dry. Now he aims to defend Miami and the world from rising seas...''

: https://www.miamiherald.com/news/local/community/miami-dade/article132057654.html
 
: https://www.miaminewtimes.com/news/dutch-sea-level-rise-expert-miami-will-be-the-new-atlantis-a-city-in-the-sea-7628340 

: https://www.curbed.com/2017/3/21/15014266/miami-dutch-sea-level-rise-climate-change-flooding


'''''Henk speaks at the [https://www.greenpolicy360.net/w/Bioneers Bioneers conference]'''''

: https://bioneers.org/henk-ovink-water-by-design-bioneers/


'''''''Harvey, Irma, Maria... What's Coming Next?'''''

''Ask Henk Ovink: Pre-Prepare Now, understand the complexity, take action to become resilient and sustainable''

: https://m.youtube.com/watch?v=UZ6tbIJAuYk


····················································································


<big>'''''MSNBC Interview with Mayor of South Miami / September 2015'''''</big>

http://www.msnbc.com/all-in/watch/hes-both-a-scientist-and-a-politician-534715971595

[[File:Interview w Mayor of South Miami 2.png |link=http://www.msnbc.com/all-in/watch/hes-both-a-scientist-and-a-politician-534715971595]]




<big><big>'''''Eyeballs on Sea-Level Rise'''''</big></big>


''100 thousand+ views with tens of thousands more additional shares of GreenPolicy360 Sea-level rise pages:

[http://www.greenpolicy360.net/w/Category:Sea-level_Rise Sea-level Rise category]; [https://www.greenpolicy360.net/w/Category:Sea-Level_Rise_%26_Mitigation Sea-Level Rise & Mitigation category]; and [http://www.greenpolicy360.net/w/Sea-Level_Rise Sea-Level Rise page]



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