Editing Category:Plastic Pollution

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<big><big><big>'''Where's all the plastic going? (Graphics)'''</big></big></big>

[https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2019/jun/23/all-the-plastic-ever-made-study-comic '''Humans have made 8.3bn tons of plastic since 1950'''] 


[[File:Graphic story where 8.3bn tons of plastic have gone since 1950.pdf]]


<big><big>'''Big, Small & Micro: Plastics Are Turning Up Everywhere'''</big></big>

'''Microplastics in the Oceans'''

• https://blog.nationalgeographic.org/2016/04/04/pesky-plastic-the-true-harm-of-microplastics-in-the-oceans/

• https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/1748-9326/10/12/124006;jsessionid=123F0E078E457FC6106D3ACEE956F209.c3.iopscience.cld.iop.org

• https://news.nationalgeographic.com/2018/05/plastics-facts-infographics-ocean-pollution

• https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2018/mar/12/microplastic-pollution-in-oceans-is-far-greater-than-thought-say-scientists

• https://www.wired.co.uk/article/big-blue-whale-plastic-pollution

• https://www.iflscience.com/environment/far-more-microplastics-floating-oceans-thought/

• https://www.vox.com/the-goods/2018/9/19/17800654/clothes-plastic-pollution-polyester-washing-machine



<big><big>'''Plastic Above & Below: Up & Down'''</big></big>

[https://www.theatlantic.com/science/archive/2019/02/deepest-ocean-trenches-animals-eat-plastic/583657/ '''Ocean Animals that Eat Plastic''']

''The world produces an estimated 10 tons of plastic a second, and between 5 million and 14 million tons sweep into the oceans every year. Some of that debris washes up on beaches, even on the world’s most isolated islands. About 5 trillion pieces currently float in surface waters, mostly in the form of tiny, easy-to-swallow fragments that have ended up in the gut of albatrosses, sea turtles, plankton, fish, and whales. But those pieces also sink, snowing into the deep sea and upon the amphipods that live there...''

:• ''https://royalsocietypublishing.org/doi/10.1098/rsos.180667''


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[[File:Ben Lecomte enters the Pacific.jpg]]

<small>France's Ben Lecomte starts out on his journey across the Pacific Ocean from Japan</small>


[https://www.cnn.com/2018/12/11/us/pacific-swim-ben-lecomte-hawaii/index.html <big>'''''He swam from Japan to Hawaii.  At times Ben Lecomte saw a piece of plastic in the ocean every three minutes'''''</big>]

''Lecomte, associate director of sustainability services at a consulting firm, and the crew of his support boat Discoverer set off from Chōshi, Japan. He had aimed to swim eight hours a day, covering a daily average of 30 miles.''

''Researchers from 12 scientific institutions, including NASA and the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, conducted studies and gathered samples during Lecomte's journey.''

''The researchers focused on eight areas of interest, including plastic pollution, radiation from the Fukushima disaster, and the swim's effects on Lecomte's heart and psychological state.''

(As the cross-Pacific attempt ended in Hawaii...)

''Despite the setback with the weather, Lecomte said he still hopes to eventually finish his swim to San Francisco and continue to sound the alarm about plastic pollution.''

''"The mission doesn't ever stop. It will carry on with the same ideas, bringing as much awareness on ocean pollution, on plastic, to try to inspire people to change their habit," he said. "It's the way we live on land, the way we don't recycle, the way that we use single-use plastic also contributes a lot, so we have to change that."''




=='''''The Plastic Problem, Multi-dimension, Environmental, Worldwide'''''==

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<big>'''''Local Communities Step Up to Fight Plastic Pollution'''''</big>

[http://www.tampabay.com/data/2018/07/06/plastic-pollution-in-tampa-bay-is-bigger-than-straws-heres-how-local-advocates-are-working-on-it/ '''''Plastic pollution in Tampa Bay is bigger than straws. Here’s what local advocates are doing''''']


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'''''Via National Geographic / June 2018'''''


<big>'''''We're Drowning in Plastic'''''</big>

''The miracle material has made modern life possible. But more than 40 percent of it is used just once, and it’s choking our waterways''

:* https://www.nationalgeographic.com/magazine/2018/06/plastic-planet-waste-pollution-trash-crisis/

:* https://www.nationalgeographic.com/magazine/2018/06/



:[[File:Ban on Plastic Bags approved in Calif.jpg]]



[https://www.thelancet.com/journals/lanplh/article/PIIS2542-5196(17)30121-3/fulltext?code=lancet-site <big>'''''Plastic Pollution, Microplastics and Human Health / Via Lancet (2017)'''''</big>]


''Microplastics come from many sources: synthetic clothing fibres, dust from tyres, road paints, and the breakdown of larger items. Orb Media's recent investigation has brought the issue of microplastics in the environment into sharp focus. The analysis of tap water samples from around the world found that a high proportion of drinking water is contaminated with microscopic fragments of plastic (83% of samples collected worldwide, but up to 94% in the USA). Microplastic contamination seems more widespread than we perhaps knew, and they are regularly being ingested by people worldwide. Most concerning is how little is known about the effects of microplastic consumption on human health.''

''It is no small problem. As of 2015, 6300 million tonnes of plastic waste have been generated, around 9% of which was recycled, 12% was incinerated, and 79% ended up in landfills or the environment. The issue of large plastic items polluting the world's oceans is well known, leading to policies that aim to limit the production and use of plastic bags and bottles, and increase recycling. However, a key problem with plastics is that they are essentially indestructible; rather than being biodegraded, they break down into smaller and smaller pieces, eventually becoming microscopic fragments. We should no longer just be concerned with large plastic items clogging up oceans and waterways, but also more attention needs to be paid to these tiny fragments and their effects on planetary health....''

''The ubiquity of microplastic contamination can no longer be denied. To mitigate this global problem, several actions need to be taken, and quickly. First, the amount of plastic being released into the environment must be drastically reduced. Some policies have already been formulated with this goal in mind, for example, many countries have made it illegal for retailers to give away plastic bags for free, and deposit schemes for plastic bottles are in place in parts of the USA and Europe. However, progress on this front has been slow and piecemeal.''

''To speed up progress on reducing plastic waste, manufacturers of plastic could be forced to take responsibility for the damage wrought on the environment; this is beginning to happen through extender producer responsibility (EPR) laws, which require plastic producers to fund and manage recycling and disposal of their products...'' ''https://www.thelancet.com/journals/lanplh/article/PIIS2542-5196(17)30121-3/fulltext''


* http://www.biologicaldiversity.org/campaigns/ocean_plastics/

* https://www.greenpolicy360.net/w/The_Commons

* https://www.greenpolicy360.net/w/Category:Oceans



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<big>'''''2018 Updates'''''</big>


[https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2018/jan/16/eu-declares-war-on-plastic-waste-2030 '''''European Union declares war on plastic waste''''']

:''Single-use plastics targeted in urgent clean-up plan that aims to make all packaging reusable or recyclable by 2030''


[http://www.independent.co.uk/environment/plastic-packaging-recyclable-deadline-2030-eu-strategy-theresa-may-latte-levy-a8163711.html '''''All plastic packaging to be recyclable by 2030 as part of new EU strategy''''']



[http://www.bbc.com/news/uk-42703561 '''''Plastic recycling: Your questions answered''''']



<big>'''''A Few "Preposterous Facts" about Plastic Pollution'''''</big>

* [https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2018/jan/17/nearly-1m-tonnes-every-year-supermarkets-shamed-for-plastic-packaging '''''Nearly 1m tonnes every year: supermarkets shamed for plastic packaging''''']



(''Via'' [http://ecowatch.com/2014/04/07/22-facts-plastic-pollution-10-things-can-do-about-it/ ''EcoWatch''])


● ''Over the last ten years we have produced more plastic than during the whole of the last century.''

● ''50 percent of the plastic we use, we use just once and throw away.''

● ''Enough plastic is thrown away each year to circle the earth four times. We currently recover only five percent of the plastics we produce.''

● ''The average American throws away approximately 185 pounds of plastic per year. Plastic accounts for around 10 percent of the total waste we generate.''

● ''The production of plastic uses around eight percent of the world's oil production (bioplastics are not a good solution as they require food source crops).''

● ''Americans throw away 35 billion plastic water bottles every year. (Source: Brita)''

● ''Annually approximately 500 billion plastic bags are used worldwide. More than one million bags are used every minute.''

● ''It takes 500-1,000 years for plastic to degrade.''

● ''Virtually every piece of plastic that was ever made still exists in some shape or form (with the exception of the small amount that has been incinerated).''

● ''Plastic chemicals can be absorbed by the body—93 percent of Americans age six or older test positive for BPA ([https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bisphenol_A plastic chemical]).''

● ''Some of these compounds found in plastic have been found to alter hormones or have other potential human health effects.''



:[[File:Plastic in the sand.JPG]]


● ''Plastic in the ocean breaks down into such small segments that pieces of plastic from a one liter bottle could end up on every mile of beach throughout the world.''

● ''Billions of pounds of plastic can be found in swirling convergences in the oceans making up about 40 percent of the world's ocean surfaces. 80 percent of pollution enters the ocean from the land.''

● ''46 percent of plastics float (EPA 2006) and it can drift for years before eventually concentrating in the ocean gyres.''

● ''The Great Pacific Garbage Patch is located in the North Pacific Gyre off the coast of California and is the largest ocean garbage site in the world. This floating mass of plastic is twice the size of Texas, with plastic pieces outnumbering sea life six to one.''

● ''Plastic constitutes approximately 90 percent of all trash floating on the ocean's surface, with 46,000 pieces of plastic per square mile.''

● ''One million sea birds and 100,000 marine mammals are killed annually from plastic in our oceans. 44 percent of all seabird species, 22 percent of cetaceans, all sea turtle species and a growing list of fish species have been documented with plastic in or around their bodies.''

● ''Pieces of plastic: In collection surveys of the US Great Lakes, 85 percent of the plastic particles were smaller than two-tenths of an inch, and much of that was microscopic. Researchers found 1,500 and 1.7 million of these particles per square mile.''



<big><big>'''Plastic Everywhere, No Escaping This Fast-Spreading Petro-chemical Product'''</big></big>


[http://news.nationalgeographic.com/2017/07/ocean-plastic-patch-south-pacific-spd/ '''National Geographic, Plastic Garbage Patch Bigger Than Mexico Found in Pacific''']

: ''"Yet another floating mass of microscopic plastic has been discovered in the ocean, and it is mind-blowingly vast"''

: ''"Recycling plastic? A whopping 91% of plastic isn't recycled"''


[http://advances.sciencemag.org/content/3/7/e1700782 '''Science Advances (July 2017): Production, Use, and Fate of All Plastics Ever Made''']

: ''Study: "The first global analysis of all mass-produced plastics ever manufactured... We estimate that '''8300 million metric tons (Mt)''' of virgin plastics have been produced to date."''

: ''"As of 2015, approximately 6300 Mt of plastic waste had been generated, around 9% of which had been recycled, 12% was incinerated, and 79% was accumulated in landfills or the natural environment. If current production and waste management trends continue, roughly 12,000 Mt of plastic waste will be in landfills or in the natural environment by 2050."''


[http://www.economist.com/news/science-and-technology/21635982-amount-plastic-sea-huge-and-widely-spread-charting-plastic '''Economist: Plastics, a Huge Problem and Spreading''']

: http://www.economist.com/blogs/graphicdetail/2015/02/daily-chart-14

='''Plastic Pollution Solutions'''=

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● https://www.weforum.org/reports/the-new-plastics-economy-rethinking-the-future-of-plastics

: http://www3.weforum.org/docs/WEF_The_New_Plastics_Economy.pdf

: https://www.ellenmacarthurfoundation.org/publications/the-new-plastics-economy-rethinking-the-future-of-plastics

● https://newplasticseconomy.org/

: https://twitter.com/NewPlasticsEcon


● http://www.surfrider.org/programs/plastic-pollution

: http://www.surfrider.org/pages/polystyrene-ordinances


● http://plastic-pollution.org/

● http://oceancrusaders.org/plastic-crusades/

: http://oceancrusaders.org/plastic-crusades/plastic-statistics/


● http://www.plasticpollutioncoalition.org/

: http://www.plasticpollutioncoalition.org/the-movement/


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<big>'''Plastic Clean-up of Oceans, a Big Idea from Holland'''</big> 

: from the mind and activism of a 21 year old

: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ZCR2V1HAq78


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<big>'''Plastic Clean-Up with a Funded Future'''</big>

: from the mind of a young inventor and high-tech team

: https://www.theoceancleanup.com/

: https://www.theoceancleanup.com/milestones/pacific-cleanup-trials/

: https://www.theoceancleanup.com/technology/

: https://www.theoceancleanup.com/press/

: http://www.theoceancleanup.com/blog/show/item/worlds-first-ocean-cleaning-system-to-be-deployed-in-2016.html


: [https://cleantechnica.com/2017/07/31/company-known-ocean-cleanup-aims-launch-fleet-trash-collecting-booms-approach-make-sense/ '''Challenges for and Question Marks about Ocean Clean Up Company''']


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<big>'''A Model: A Plastic Clean-up Champion'''</big>

:'''One-by-One: What Can Be Done with a Strategy and Purpose, Afroz Shah in Mumbai'''

:''Inspiration and Action''

:'''''I am an ocean lover and feel that we owe a duty to our ocean to make it free of plastic. I just hope this is the beginning for coastal communities across India and the world.'''''


''Afroz Shah, a young Indian lawyer from Mumbai, is synonymous with '''the world’s largest beach clean-up project.'''''

''In October 2015, Shah and his neighbor Harbansh Mathur, an 84-year-old who has since passed away, were frustrated with the piles of decomposing waste that had washed up and completely overwhelmed the city’s Versova beach. Determined to do something about it, the pair started cleaning up the beach themselves, one piece of rubbish at a time.''

''Every weekend since, Shah has inspired volunteers to join him – from slum-dwellers to Bollywood stars, from schoolchildren to politicians. They have been turning up at Versova for what Shah calls "a date with the ocean", but what in reality means labouring shin-deep in rotting garbage under the scorching Indian sun.''

''So far, the volunteers have collected over 4,000 tons of trash from the 2.5 kilometre beach.''

''Shah, who rallied residents and fisherfolk by knocking on doors and explaining the damage marine litter causes, now plans to expand his group’s operation to prevent litter from washing down the local creek and onto the beach. He also wants to clean-up the coastline’s rubbish-choked mangrove forests, which act as a natural defense against storm surges, and to inspire similar groups across India and beyond to launch their own clean-up movements.''

''Shah is deservedly proud of the Versova residents' accomplishments. Not only has the movement brought marine little to the attention of decision-makers, it is also starting to win back the beach, with decreasing amounts of new litter appearing each month.''

''He vows to continue his beach clean-up crusade until people and their governments around the world change their approach to producing, using and discarding plastic and other products that wash up onto beaches all over the world.''


http://www.unep.org/championsofearth/laureates/2016/afroz-shah


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[[File:Best Practices check sm.png]]


::<big><big>'''A Step Forward, [https://www.greenpolicy360.net/w/California_out_in_front_in_a_Green_future California Out in Front] Again'''</big></big>


:[[File:Environment California - Jerry Brown quote on plastic bags.jpg]]


<big>'''''San Francisco Passes Nation's Toughest Ban on Polystyrene Products'''''</big>

:'''''Model Legislation / 2016 / Green Best Practices'''''

: [http://time.com/4388034/san-francisco-polystyrene-ban-foam/ June 2016 / San Francisco - '''"Foam Products Banned''']


''The San Francisco Board of Supervisors on Tuesday unanimously voted to outlaw a host of commonly used foam products, in a move hailed as the nation’s most extensive such ban.''

''The ban applies to polystyrene food packaging, packing peanuts, to-go containers, coffee cups and pool toys, among other things. For most products, the ban will take effect Jan. 1, 2017. For meat and fish trays, it becomes effective July 1, 2017. The bill’s sponsors argued that such foam products, which are not biodegradable, pollute waterways and can harm animal life. They touted the ban as an example of the city’s leadership on environmental issues.''


● https://sfgov.legistar.com/View.ashx?M=F&ID=4400880&GUID=01FD9FA2-C693-4B54-AF95-5DAB6679FC83

● http://www.motherjones.com/environment/2016/06/san-francisco-ban-styrofoam-polystyrene


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http://www.savesfbay.org/sites/default/files/Ban%20status_6-25-12.pdf (2012)

http://www.ci.milpitas.ca.gov/_pdfs/eng_EPS_Study_Appendices.pdf (Calif cities w/ bans 2011)


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[https://www.greenpolicy360.net/w/California_out_in_front_in_a_Green_future California Out in Front in a Green future]

[http://www.cltampa.com/news-views/politics/article/20970772/in-st-pete-a-plastic-shopping-bag-ban-clears-its-first-hurdle Florida (and other states), Not out in front like California]


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<big>'''Read/Watch/Act'''</big>


http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plastic_pollution


http://www.nrdc.org/oceans/plastic-ocean/


http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2015/02/150212-ocean-debris-plastic-garbage-patches-science/


http://www.trueactivist.com/longest-floating-structure-in-history-sets-out-to-clean-the-ocean-in-2016


https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1qT-rOXB6NI



<h2>''' 'Plastic Soup''''</h2> 


<big><big>'''Millions of Tons of Plastic Dumped in World's Oceans, Seas, Lakes & Waterways Every Year'''</big></big>


: Oceans, seas, shorelines globally polluted with plastic trash

: Devastated wildlife populations, loss of biodiversity, accumulations of petro-chemical 'externalities'

: The costs of human manufactured waste bring serious, damaging multiplier effects over time -- and it's time to change this
 


[[File:Ocean Pollution w Plastic-800x280.png|link=https://www.greenpolicy360.net/mw/images/Ocean_Pollution_w_Plastic.png]]



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[[Category:Biodiversity]]
[[Category:Environmental Full-cost Accounting]]
[[Category:Externalities]]
[[Category:Health]]
[[Category:Oceans]]
[[Category:Pollution]]
[[Category:Wildlife]]